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Abstract

Canadian research is seriously scarce in the fast-growing literature on social trust—defined as the degree to which one can trust others whom one does not know personally. In this article, we have tried to address this issue by examining the levels of trust in various Canadian provinces and cities. The study shows that the level of trust in Canada rises as one moves away from the centre and toward both west and east coasts, and that the trust levels are alarmingly low for cities in the province of Quebec. We have also made an attempt to further our understanding of the dynamics of social trust, by looking at the determinants of trust at the city level. The factors examined are: the city’s population, the size of its immigrant population, average income of residents, the extent of income inequality, and the degree of its ethnic diversity. Out of these, the positive relationship found between ethnic diversity and social trust—that is, as the former rises, the latter increases as well—constitutes a uniquely Canadian trend, which is in contrast to what the existing literature on social trust suggests. Moreover, within Canada, Quebec appears as an anomaly, given the extremely low levels of trust in cities located in this province. Also, within Quebec, Montreal seems to be in a class by itself, showing the unusual combination of high diversity and low trust. Although some speculative hypotheses are proposed to explain some of these trends, the anomalies found warrant particular attention in future research.

Résumé

Au Canada, très peu de recherche porte sur le domaine très dynamique de la confiance sociale, c’est à dire, la mesure dans laquelle l’on peut faire confiance aux autres que nous ne connaissons pas en personne. Dans cet article, nous examinons cette question en étudiant les niveaux de confiance dans diverses provinces et villes au Canada. L’étude démontre que d’une part, le niveau de confiance augmente au fur et à mesure que l’on s’éloigne du centre vers les côtes est et ouest et que d’autre part, les niveaux de confiance sont étonnamment bas pour les villes québécoises. Nous avons également essayé de mieux connître la dynamique de la confiance sociale en portant notre attention sur les déterminants des niveaux de confiance dans les villes. Les facteurs suivants ont fait l’objet de notre étude: la population de la ville, la taille de la population immigrante, le revenu moyen des résidents, l’étendue de l’inégalité de revenu et le degré de diversité ethnique. Parmi ces facteurs, le rapport positif entre la diversité ethnique et la confiance sociale—c’est-à-dire, plus la population est diverse, plus la confiance sociale est élevée—constitue une tendance unique au Canada et va à l’encontre de ce que laisse conclure la documentation relative à la confiance sociale. De plus, au Canada, le Québec présente un écart par les niveaux de confiance sociale extrêmement bas dans ses villes. À l’intérieur de la province, Montréal semble former une classe à part dans le sens qu’elle présente la combinaison inhabituelle d’une diversité ethnique élevée et un faible niveau de confiance. Nous présentons quelques hypothèses conjecturales pour expliquer certaines de ces tendances, mais les déviations révélées méritent que les chercheurs y portent une attention particulière à l’avenir.

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Kazemipur, A. A Canadian exceptionalism? Trust and diversity in Canadian cities. Int. Migration & Integration 7, 219–240 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-006-1010-4

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