Skip to main content
Log in

Management Considerations for Lipid Disorders During Pregnancy

  • Reproductive Health and Cardiovascular Disease (G Sharma, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of review

Dyslipidemias including familial hypercholesterolemia and elevated lipoprotein (a) are not uncommon in young women who may desire pregnancy. In all women, abnormal lipid metabolism has been linked to adverse outcomes during pregnancy, including hypertensive disease of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, and preterm birth. Optimal management of dyslipidemias in pregnant women remains undefined, as statins are contraindicated in this group.

Recent findings

Recent literature questions this traditional avoidance of statins, however, as well as explores their potential benefit in pre-eclampsia specifically.

Summary

In this review, the arsenal of nutrition, bile acid resins, omega-3 fatty acids, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol apheresis is explored, as are newer therapies like mipomersen and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, for the management of dyslipidemias during pregnancy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(9):e139–596.

  2. Aggarwal NR, Patel HN, Mehta LS, Sanghani RM, Lundberg GP, Lewis SJ, et al. Sex differences in ischemic heart disease: advances, obstacles, and next steps. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2018;11(2):e004437.

  3. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Alabousi M, Abdullah P, Alter DA, Booth GL, Hogg W, Ko DT, et al. Cardiovascular risk factor management performance in Canada and the United States: a systematic review. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33(3):393–404.

  5. Spracklen CN, Smith CJ, Saftlas AF, Robinson JG, Ryckman KK. Maternal hyperlipidemia and the risk of preeclampsia: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(4):346–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Vrijkotte TG, Krukziener N, Hutten BA, Vollebregt KC, van Eijsden M, Twickler MB. Maternal lipid profile during early pregnancy and pregnancy complications and outcomes: the ABCD study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(11):3917–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gunderson EP, Quesenberry CP Jr, Jacobs DR Jr, Feng J, Lewis CE, Sidney S. Longitudinal study of prepregnancy cardiometabolic risk factors and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the CARDIA study. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(10):1131–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Shen H, Liu X, Chen Y, He B, Cheng W. Associations of lipid levels during gestation with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(12):e013509.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Jiang S, Jiang J, Xu H, Wang S, Liu Z, Li M, et al. Maternal dyslipidemia during pregnancy may increase the risk of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;56(1):9–15.

  10. Mszar R, Gopal DJ, Chowdary R, Smith CL, Dolin CD, Irwin ML, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in screening for and awareness of high cholesterol among pregnant women receiving prenatal care. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(1):e017415.

  11. Grimes SB, Wild R. Effect of pregnancy on lipid metabolism and lipoprotein levels. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA); 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Potter JM, Nestel PJ. The hyperlipidemia of pregnancy in normal and complicated pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;133(2):165–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lain KY, Catalano PM. Metabolic changes in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50(4):938–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Christopher BA, Pagidipati NJ. Clinical updates in women’s health care summary: evaluation and management of lipid disorders: primary and preventive care review. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(3):609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. van den Elzen HJ, Wladimiroff JW, Cohen-Overbeek TE, de Bruijn AJ, Grobbee DE. Serum lipids in early pregnancy and risk of pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;103(2):117–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Russi G. Severe dyslipidemia in pregnancy: the role of therapeutic apheresis. Transfus Apher Sci. 2015;53(3):283–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fanshawe AE, Ibrahim M. The current status of lipoprotein (a) in pregnancy: a literature review. J Cardiol. 2013;61(2):99–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ryckman KK, Spracklen CN, Smith CJ, Robinson JG, Saftlas AF. Maternal lipid levels during pregnancy and gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2015;122(5):643–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Christensen JJ, Retterstol K, Godang K, Roland MC, Qvigstad E, Bollerslev J, et al. LDL cholesterol in early pregnancy and offspring cardiovascular disease risk factors. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(6):1369–78e7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Narverud I, Iversen PO, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Ueland T, Johansen SG, et al. Maternal familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) confers altered haemostatic profile in offspring with and without FH. Thromb Res. 2013;131(2):178–82.

  21. • Toleikyte I, Retterstol K, Leren TP, Iversen PO. Pregnancy outcomes in familial hypercholesterolemia: a registry-based study. Circulation. 2011;124(15):1606–14 This large registry study demonstrated that women with heterozygous FH were not at increased risk for adverse fetal outcomes, including premature birth, low birth weight, and congenital abnormalities.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Goldberg AC, Hopkins PN, Toth PP, Ballantyne CM, Rader DJ, Robinson JG, et al. Familial hypercholesterolemia: screening, diagnosis and management of pediatric and adult patients: clinical guidance from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S1–8.

  23. Wang X, Cai G, Wang Y, Liu R, Xi Z, Li G, et al. Comparison of long-term outcomes of young patients after a coronary event associated with familial hypercholesterolemia. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18(1):131.

  24. Raal FJ, Hovingh GK, Catapano AL. Familial hypercholesterolemia treatments: guidelines and new therapies. Atherosclerosis. 2018;277:483–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Botha TC, Pilcher GJ, Wolmarans K, Blom DJ, Raal FJ. Statins and other lipid-lowering therapy and pregnancy outcomes in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a retrospective review of 39 pregnancies. Atherosclerosis. 2018;277:502–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Amundsen AL, Khoury J, Iversen PO, Bergei C, Ose L, Tonstad S, et al. Marked changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins during pregnancy in women with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2006;189(2):451–7.

  27. Amundsen AL, Khoury J, Sandset PM, Seljeflot I, Ose L, Tonstad S, et al. Altered hemostatic balance and endothelial activation in pregnant women with familial hypercholesterolemia. Thromb Res. 2007;120(1):21–7.

  28. Eapen DJ, Valiani K, Reddy S, Sperling L. Management of familial hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy: case series and discussion. J Clin Lipidol. 2012;6(1):88–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Esteve-Valverde E, Ferrer-Oliveras R, Gil-Aliberas N, Baraldes-Farre A, Llurba E, Alijotas-Reig J. Pravastatin for preventing and treating preeclampsia: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2018;73(1):40–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. • Costantine MM, Cleary K, Hebert MF, Ahmed MS, Brown LM, Ren Z, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of pravastatin used for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(6):720 e1- e17 This pilot study showed that pravastatin was effective in preventing pre-eclampsia in a small group of high-risk patients.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Wilson DP, Jacobson TA, Jones PH, Koschinsky ML, McNeal CJ, Nordestgaard BG, et al. Use of lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: a biomarker whose time has come. A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2019;13(3):374–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chieng D, Pang J, Ellis KL, Hillis GS, Watts GF, Schultz CJ. Elevated lipoprotein(a) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as predictors of the severity and complexity of angiographic lesions in patients with premature coronary artery disease. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12(4):1019–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Boren J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, et al. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(23):2844–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Rubenfire M, Vodnala D, Krishnan SM, Bard RL, Jackson EA, Giacherio D, et al. Lipoprotein (a): perspectives from a lipid-referral program. J Clin Lipidol. 2012;6(1):66–73.

  35. Manten GT, Franx A, van der Hoek YY, Hameeteman TM, Voorbij HA, Smolders HC, et al. Changes of plasma lipoprotein(a) during and after normal pregnancy in Caucasians. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;14(2):91–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Halpern DG, Weinberg CR, Pinnelas R, Mehta-Lee S, Economy KE, Valente AM. Use of medication for cardiovascular disease during pregnancy: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(4):457–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Klingel R, Gohlen B, Schwarting A, Himmelsbach F, Straube R. Differential indication of lipoprotein apheresis during pregnancy. Ther Apher Dial. 2003;7(3):359–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1082–e143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Khoury J, Henriksen T, Christophersen B, Tonstad S. Effect of a cholesterol-lowering diet on maternal, cord, and neonatal lipids, and pregnancy outcome: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(4):1292–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ong M, Jerreat L, Hameed A. Familial hypertriglyceridaemia and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy: prevention of acute pancreatitis with diet control and omega-3 fatty acids. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(5).

  41. Glueck CJ, Christopher C, Tsang RC, Mellies MJ. Cholesterol-free diet and the physiologic hyperlipidemia of pregnancy in familial hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism. 1980;29(10):949–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lent-Schochet D, Jialal I. Antilipemic agent bile acid sequestrants. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Helland IB, Saugstad OD, Saarem K, Van Houwelingen AC, Nylander G, Drevon CA. Supplementation of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation reduces maternal plasma lipid levels and provides DHA to the infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19(7):397–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Coletta JM, Bell SJ, Roman AS. Omega-3 fatty acids and pregnancy. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2010;3(4):163–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. McCrindle BW, Urbina EM, Dennison BA, Jacobson MS, Steinberger J, Rocchini AP, et al. Drug therapy of high-risk lipid abnormalities in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee, Council of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, with the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation. 2007;115(14):1948–67.

  46. Edison RJ, Muenke M. Central nervous system and limb anomalies in case reports of first-trimester statin exposure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(15):1579–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Petersen EE, Mitchell AA, Carey JC, Werler MM, Louik C, Rasmussen SA, et al. Maternal exposure to statins and risk for birth defects: a case-series approach. Am J Med Genet A. 2008;146A(20):2701–5.

  48. Edison RJ, Muenke M. Mechanistic and epidemiologic considerations in the evaluation of adverse birth outcomes following gestational exposure to statins. Am J Med Genet A. 2004;131(3):287–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. • Bateman BT, Hernandez-Diaz S, Fischer MA, Seely EW, Ecker JL, Franklin JM, et al. Statins and congenital malformations: cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:h1035 This large cohort study found that confounders, including DM, explained the increased number of congenital malformations observed in children born to women who took statins during their first trimester of pregnancy (as opposed to direct effects of statins).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Karalis DG, Hill AN, Clifton S, Wild RA. The risks of statin use in pregnancy: a systematic review. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(5):1081–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ma’ayeh M, Rood KM, Kniss D, Costantine MM. Novel interventions for the prevention of preeclampsia. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22(2):17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Marrs CC, Costantine MM. Should we add pravastatin to aspirin for preeclampsia prevention in high-risk women? Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2017;60(1):161–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. de Alwis N, Beard S, Mangwiro YT, Binder NK, Kaitu’u-Lino TJ, Brownfoot FC, et al. Pravastatin as the statin of choice for reducing pre-eclampsia-associated endothelial dysfunction. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2020;20:83–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Panczel Z, Kukor Z, Supak D, Kovacs B, Kecskemeti A, Czizel R, et al. Pravastatin induces NO synthesis by enhancing microsomal arginine uptake in healthy and preeclamptic placentas. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Ahmed A, Williams DJ, Cheed V, Middleton LJ, Ahmad S, Wang K, et al. Pravastatin for early-onset pre-eclampsia: a randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. BJOG. 2020;127(4):478–88.

  56. Blaha M, Lanska M, Blaha V, Boudys L, Zak P. Pregnancy in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia--importance of LDL-apheresis. Atheroscler Suppl. 2015;18:134–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Perrone S, Perrone G, Brunelli R, Di Giacomo S, Galoppi P, Flammini G, et al. A complicated pregnancy in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia treated with lipoprotein apheresis: a case report. Atheroscler Suppl. 2019;40:113–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ogura M, Makino H, Kamiya C, Yoshimatsu J, Soran H, Eatough R, et al. Lipoprotein apheresis is essential for managing pregnancies in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: seven case series and discussion. Atherosclerosis. 2016;254:179–83.

  59. Mehta PK, Baer J, Nell C, Sperling LS. Low-density lipoprotein apheresis as a treatment option for hyperlipidemia. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2009;11(4):279–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kleess LE, Janicic N. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature. AACE Clin Case Rep. 2019;5(2):e99–e103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hill AJ, Pacheco LD, Saade G, Hankins GD. Familial hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014;125(1):80–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kilinc F, Senates E, Demircan F, Pekkolay Z, Gozel N, Guven M, et al. Are there differences in the management of acute pancreatitis cases due to severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnant women? Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:5619–23.

  63. Safi F, Toumeh A, Abuissa Qadan MA, Karaz R, AlAkdar B, Assaly R. Management of familial hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis during pregnancy with therapeutic plasma exchange: a case report and review of literature. Am J Ther. 2014;21(5):e134–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Tamai O, Matsuoka H, Itabe H, Wada Y, Kohno K, Imaizumi T. Single LDL apheresis improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in hypercholesterolemic humans. Circulation. 1997;95(1):76–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK. Mipomersen and lomitapide: two new drugs for the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atheroscler Suppl. 2015;18:28–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Jacobson TA, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Jones PH, Kris-Etherton P, Sikand G, et al. National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 2. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(6 Suppl):S1–122e1.

  67. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, Honarpour N, Wiviott SD, Murphy SA, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1713–22.

  68. Robinson JG, Farnier M, Krempf M, Bergeron J, Luc G, Averna M, et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(16):1489–99.

  69. Campion SN, Han B, Cappon GD, Lewis EM, Kraynov E, Liang H, et al. Decreased maternal and fetal cholesterol following maternal bococizumab (anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody) administration does not affect rat embryo-fetal development. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;73(2):562–70.

  70. Grandi SM, Filion KB, Yoon S, Ayele HT, Doyle CM, Hutcheon JA, et al. Cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality in women with a history of pregnancy complications. Circulation. 2019;139(8):1069–79.

  71. Stuart JJ, Tanz LJ, Cook NR, Spiegelman D, Missmer SA, Rimm EB, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and 10-year cardiovascular risk prediction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(11):1252–63.

  72. Countouris ME, Villanueva FS, Berlacher KL, Cavalcante JL, Parks WT, Catov JM. Association of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with left ventricular remodeling later in life. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(8):1057–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kabootari M, Hasheminia M, Guity K, Ramezankhani A, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. Gestational diabetes mellitus in mothers and long term cardiovascular disease in both parents: results of over a decade follow-up of the Iranian population. Atherosclerosis. 2019;288:94–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lakshmi S. Tummala MD.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Lakshmi S. Tummala declares no conflict of interest. Akanksha Agrawal declares no conflict of interest. Gina Lundberg declares no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Topical Collection on Reproductive Health and Cardiovascular Disease

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tummala, L.S., Agrawal, A. & Lundberg, G. Management Considerations for Lipid Disorders During Pregnancy. Curr Treat Options Cardio Med 23, 50 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-021-00926-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-021-00926-1

Keywords

Navigation