Skip to main content
Log in

The role of context in learning and instructional design

  • Development
  • Published:
Educational Technology Research and Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Context is a pervasive and potent force in any learning event. Yet instructional design models contain little guidance about how to accommodate contextual elements to improve learning and transfer. This paper defines context, outlines its levels and types, specifies some pertinent contextual factors within these types, suggests methods for conducting a contextual analysis and utilizing its results for instructional design, and outlines future issues for context-based instructional design. The incorporation of a contextual approach to instruction will make our design models systemic as well as systematic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980).Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.R., Reder, L.M., & Simon, H.A. (1997). Situative versus cognitive perspectives: Form versus substance.Educational Researcher, 26(1), 18–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson-Inman, L.A., & Horney, M. (1993, April).Profiles of hypertext readers: Results from the ElectroText Project. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Educational Research Association. Atlanta, GA.

  • Andrews, D.H., & Goodson, L.A. (1980). A comparative analysis of models of instructional design.Journal of Instructional Development, 3(4), 2–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R. (1975).Human performance engineering: A guide for systems designers. New York: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R. (1982).Human performance engineering. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, T.T., & Ford, J.K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research.Personnel Psychology, 41, 63–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, T.T., & Magjuka, R.J. (1991). Organizational training and signals of importance: Effects of pretraining perceptions on intentions to transfer.Human Resource Development, 2(1), 25–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, T.T., Magjuka, R.J., & Loher, B.T. (1991). The perils of participation: Effects of choice of training on trainee motivation and learning.Personnel Psychology, 42, 331–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banathy, B. (1991).Systems design of education. New Jersey: Educational Technology Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy and cognitive development and functioning.Educational Psychologist 28(2), 117–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becher, T. (1989).Academic tribes and territories: Intellectual enquiry and the cultures of disciplines. Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berliner, D.A. (1991). Educational psychology and pedagogical expertise: New findings and new opportunities for thinking about training.Educational Psychologist, 26(2), 145–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenfeld, P.C., Marx, R.W., Soloway, E., & Krajcik. (1996). Learning with peers: From small group cooperation to collaborative communities.Educational Researcher, 25(8), 37–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnes, M., & Secchiaroli, G. (1995).Environment psychology. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borich, G.D., & Jemelka, R.P. (1982).Programs and systems: An evaluation perspective. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borich, G.D., & Tombari, M.L. (1995).Educational psychology: A contemporary approach. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broad, M.L., & Newstrom, J.W. (1992).Transfer of training: Action-packed strategies to ensure high payoff from training investments. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.S., & Duguid, P. (1994). Borderline issues: Social and material aspects of design.Human-computer interaction, 9(1), 3–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucciarelli, L.L. (1988). An ethnographic perspective on engineering design.Design Studies, 9(3), 159–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butterfield, E.C. (1988). On solving the transfer problem. In M. Grumbey, P. Morris, & R. Sykes (Eds.),Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues (pp. 377–382). New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, B. (1994). The learning-friendly classroom.Ergonomics in Design, 1, 30–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. (1994). Designing scenarios for human action.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 7, 64–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S.J., & Raozzi, A. (1994). The effects of context on cognition: Postcards from Brazil. In R.J. Sternberg & R.K. Wright (Eds.),Mind in context: Interactionist perspectives on human intelligence (pp. 74–101). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cennamo, K.S., Savenye, W.C., & Smith, P. (1991). Mental effort and video-based learning: The relationship of preconceptions and the effects of interactive and covert practice.Educational Technology Research and Development, 39(991), 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, P.M. (1983).Continuity and change. New York: Vantage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chelte, A., Hess, P., Fanelli, R., & Ferris, W. (1989). Corporate culture as an impediment to employee involvement.Work and Occupations, 16(2), 153–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R.E., & Voogel, A. (1985). Transfer of training principles for instructional design.Educational Communications and Technology Journal, 33(2), 113–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, C., Dobbins, G., & Ladd, R.T. (1993). Exploratory field study of training motivation.Group and Organization Management, 18(3), 292–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, K.P. (1981). Adults as learners: Increasing participation and facilitating learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dachler, H.P., & Moberly, W.H. (1973). Construct validity of an instrumentality-expectancy-task-goal model of work motivation: Some theoretical boundary conditions.Journal of Applied Psychology, 58, 397–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, T.G. (1975). Environmental literacy. In T.G. David & B.D. Wright (Eds.),Learning environments (pp. 161–179). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshon, R.P., & Alexander, R.A. (1996). Goal setting effects on implicit and explicit learning of complex tasks.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65(1), 18–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dick, W., & Carey, L. (1996).The systematic design of instruction (4th ed.). Harper Collins.

  • Edmonds, G.S., Branch, R.S., & Mukherjee, P. (1994). A conceptual framework for comparing instructional design models.Educational Technology Research and Development, 42(4), 55–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fulton, R.D. (1988, August).An overview of research on physical learning environments. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Montana State University Kellogg Fellows, Big Sky, MT.

  • Gagné, R.M. (1985).The conditions of learning and theory of instruction (4th ed.).New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagné, R.M., Briggs, L.J., & Wager, W. (1988).Principles of instructional design (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagné, R.M., & Merrill, M.D. (1990). Integrative goals for instructional design.Educational Technology Research and Development, 38(1), 23–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gay, K. (1986). Ergonomics. Hillsdale, NJ: Enslow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getzels, J.W. (1975). Images of the classroom and visions of the learner. In T.G. David & B.D. Wright (Eds.),Learning environments (pp. 1–14). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glass, K. (1985). The sonic environment.CEFP Journal, 7, 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, I.L. (1993).Training in organizations (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks-Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, E., DeStefano, L., & Shipman, S. (1985). Characteristics of learning persons and the adaptation of learning environments. In M.C. Wang & H. Walberg (Eds.),Adapting instruction to individual differences. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenbaum, J. (1993). A design of one's own: Toward participatory design in the United States. In D. Schuler & A. Namioka (Eds.),Participatory design: Principles and practices (pp. 177–210). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greeno, J.G. (1989). Situations, mental models and generative knowledge. In D. Klahr & K. Kotovsky (Eds.),Complex information processing (pp. 285–30?). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P.L., & Stodolsky, S.S. (1995). Content as context: The role of school subjects in secondary school teaching.Educational Researcher, 24(8), 5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A.D., & Fagan, R.E. (1975). Definition of system. In B.D. Ruben and J.Y. Kim (Eds.),General systems theory and human communication (pp. 52–65). Rochelle Park, NJ: Hayden Book Company, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, D., & Bell, C. (1990).Evaluating and assessing for learning (2nd ed.). London: Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiemstra, R., & Sisco, B. (1990).Individualizing instruction. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, S., & Rieber, L.P. (1994, February).Teaching with technology. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Anaheim, CA.

  • House, R. (1968). Leadership training, some dysfunctional consequences.Administrative Science Quarterly, 12, 556–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juran, J.M., & Gryna, F.M. (1988).Juran's quality control handbook (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonassen, D. (1993). The trouble with learning environments.Educational Technology, 33(1), 35–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, R. (1982).Cognition and environment: Functioning in an uncertain world. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, J.M. (1987). Strategies for stimulating the motivation to learn.Performance and Instruction, 26(9), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, P. (1992). Factors to consider in evaluating multimedia platforms for widespread curricular adoption.Educational Technology, 31(5), 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knirk, F. (1979).Designing productive learning environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, M.S. (1978).The adult learner: A neglected species (2nd ed.). Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox, A.B. (1977).Adult development and learning. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knupfer, N.N. (1988). Teachers' beliefs about instructional computing: Implications for instructional designers.Journal of Instructional Development, 11(4), 29–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraiger, K., Ford, K., & Salas, E. (1993). Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation.Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 311–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubeck, J.E., Delp, N.D., Haslett, T.K., & McDaniel, M.A. (1996). Does job-related training performance decline with age?Psychology and Aging (11)1, 92–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl, J., & Kraskak, (1994).Self-regulation test for children: Computer-assisted test of resistance to distraction and temptation. Hogrefe & Huber.

  • Leifer, M., & Newstrom, J. (1980). Solving the transfer of training problems.Training and Development Journal, August, 42–46.

  • Leshin, C., Pollock, J., & Reigeluth, C.M. (1992).Instructional design strategies and tactics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebbe, J.A. (1980). Guideline recommendations for the design of training facilities.NSPI Journal, 19, March, 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, R.M. (1991). Assessment of organizational context: A missing component in evaluations of training programs.Evaluation and Program Planning, 14, 273–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, R.D. (1982). Relapse prevention for managerial training: A model for maintenance of behavioral change.Academy of Management Review, 7, 433–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu, J., Tannenbaum, S., & Salas, E. (1990).A causal model of individual and situational influences on training effectiveness measures. Paper presented at the 5th annual conference of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Miami.

  • McCombs, B. (1994). Strategies for assessing and enhancing motivation: Keys to promoting self-regulated learning performance. In H.F. O'Neil, Jr. & M. Drillings (Eds.),Motivation: Theory and Research (pp. 49–69). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeogh, A., Lupart, J., & Marini, A. (1996).Teaching for transfer: Fostering generalization in learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalak. (1981). The neglected half of training.Training and Development Journal, May, 22–25.

  • Miller, J.G. (1978).Living systems. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newstrom, J.W. (1986) Leveraging management development through the management of transfer.Journal of Management Development, 5, 33–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noe, R.A. (1986). Trainees' attributes and attitudes: Neglected influences on training effectiveness.Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 736–749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noe, R.A., & Schmitt, N. (1986). The influence of trainee attitudes on training effectiveness: Test of a model.Personnel Psychology, 39, 497–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Connor, E.J., Peters, L.H., Pooyan, A., Weekley, J., Frank, B., & Erenkrantz, B. (1984). Situational constraint effects on performance, affective reactions, and turnover: A field replication and extension.Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(4), 663–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlikowski, W. (1992). Learning from notes: Organizational issues in groupware implementation.Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (362-37X).New York:Association for Computing Machinery.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overfield, K. (1994). Non-linear approach to training program development.Performance and Instruction, 33, July, 26–34.

  • Olson, D.R. (1985). On the designing and understanding of written texts. In T.M. Duffy & R. Waller (Eds.),Designing usable texts (pp. 3–15). Orlando, FL: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ormrod, J.E. (1995).Human learning (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostroff, C., & Ford, J.K. (1989). Assessing training needs: Critical levels of analysis. In I.L. Goldstein (Ed.),Training and development in organizations (pp. 26–62). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, D. (1992).Smart schools. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, D.M., & Salomon, G. (1989). Are cognitive skills context-bound?Educational Researcher, 18(1), 16–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, L.H., Chassie, M.B., Lindholm, H.R., O'Connor, E.J., & Kline, C.R. (1982). The joint influence of situational constraints and goal setting on performance and affective outcomes.Journal of Management, 8, 7–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, L.H., Fisher, C.D., & O'Connor, E.J. (1982). The moderating effect of situational control of performance variance on the relationship between individual differences and performance.Personnel Psychology, 35, 609–621.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, L.H., O'Connor, E.J., & Eulberg, J. (1985). Situational constraints: Sources, consequences, and future considerations.Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 3, 79–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, L.H., O'Connor, E.J., & Rudolf, C.J. (1980). The behavioral and affective consequences of performance-relevant situational variables.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25, 79–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulton, E.C. (1972).Environment and human efficiency. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinones, M.A. (1995). Pretraining context effects: Training assignment as feedback.Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(2), 226–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinones, M.A., Sego, D.J., Ford, J.K., & Smith, E.M. (1995). The effects of individual and transfer environment characteristics on the opportunity to perform trained tasks.Training Research Journal, 1(1), 29–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richey, R.C. (1992).Designing instruction for the adult learner: Systemic training theory and practice. London/Bristol, PA: Kogan Page/Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richey, R.C. (1995a). Trends in instructional design: Emerging theory-based models.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 8(3), 96–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richey, R.C. (1995b). Instructional design theory and a changing field. In B. Seels (Ed.),Instructional design fundamentals: A reconsideration (pp. 75–84). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richey, R.C., & Tessmer, M. (1995). Enhancing instructional systems design through contextual analysis. In B. Seels (Ed.),Instructional design fundamentals: A reconsideration (pp. 185–195). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringstaff, C., Sandholtz, J.H., & Dwyer, D. (1995, April).Age-old concerns in new-age settings: Overcoming instructional problems in high-technology classrooms. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

  • Rose, R. (1985). The black knight of artificial intelligence.Science, 6, 46–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovegno, I. (1993). Content-Knowledge acquisition during undergraduate teacher education: Overcoming cultural templates and learning through practice.American Educational Research Journal, 30(3), 611–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, G. (1993). Designing and instructional design.Educational Technology Research and Development, 41(1), 79–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Royer, J.M. (1979). Theories of the transfer of learning.Educational Psychologist, 14(1), 53–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rueda, R., & Moll, L. (1994). A sociocultural perspective on motivation. In H.F. O'Neil & M. Drillings (Eds.),Motivation: Theory and research (117–142). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R.M., & Stiller, J. (1991). The social contexts of internalization: Parent and teacher influences on autonomy, motivation and learning. In M.L. Maehr & P.R. Pintrich (Eds.),Advances in motivation and achievement (vol. 7, pp. 115–149). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rybash, J.M., Hoyer, W.J., & Roodin, P.A. (1986).Adult cognition and aging. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salomon, G. (1986). Television is ‘easy’ and print is ‘tough’: The differences of investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions.Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(4), 647–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K.W. (1990). Intellectual development in adulthood. In J.E. Birren & K.W. Schaie (Eds.),Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 291–309). San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B. (1975). Organizational climate: An essay.Personnel Psychology, 28, 447–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B. (1978). Person-situation selection: A review of some ability situation interaction research.Personnel Psychology, 31, 281–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schunk, D. (1996). Goal and self-evaluative influences during children's cognitive skill learning.American Educational Research Journal, 33(2), 359–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siehl, C. (1995). After the founder: An opportunity to manage culture. In Frost, Moore, & Lundberg (Eds.),Managing organizational culture (pp. 125–140). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siskin, L.S. (1994).Realms of knowledge: Academic departments in secondary schools. Washington, DC: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slavin, R.E. (1997).Educational Psychology: Theory and practice. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sleezer, C., Cipicchio, D., & Pitonyak, D. (1992). Customizing and implementing training evaluation.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 5(4), 55–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P., & Kearney, L. (1994).Creating workplaces where people can think. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.L., & Ragan, T.J. (1993).Instructional design. New York: Macmillan & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Jentsch, K., Jentsch, F., Payne, S., & Salas, E. (1996). Can pretraining experiences explain individual differences in learning?Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(1), 110–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, R.E. (1994). Abilities in academic tasks. In R.J. Sternberg & R.K. Wright (Eds.),Mind in context: Interactionist perspectives on human intelligence (pp. 1–38). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommers, R. (1969).Personal space: The behavioral basis of design. New York: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele, F. (1973).Physical setting and organizational development. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steers, R.M., & Porter, L.W. (1975). The role of motivation in organizations. In R.M. Steers & L.W. Porter (Eds.),Motivation and work behavior (pp. 3–30). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stipek, D.J. (1993).Motivations to learn: From theory to practice (2nd ed.). Boston: Alyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokols, D. (1990). Instrumental and spiritual views of people-environment relations.American Psychologist, May, 641–646.

  • Striebel, M.J. (1991). Instructional plans and situated learning: The challenge of Suchman's theory of situated action for instructional designers and instructional systems. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.),Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (pp. 117–132). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuebing, S., Giddings, J., & Cousineau, L.K. (1992, April).Technology-rich learning environments in elementary and secondary schools: An interactive study of physical settings and educational change. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.

  • Tannenbaum, S., & Yukl, G. (1992). Training and development in work organizations.Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 399–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tannenbaum, S.I., Mathieu, J.E., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. (1991). Meeting trainees' expectations: The influence of training fulfillment on the development of commitment, self-efficacy, and motivation.Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(6), 759–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tessmer, M. (1990). Environment analysis: A neglected stage of instructional design.Educational Technology Research and Development, 38(1), 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessmer, M. (1994). Formative evaluation alternatives.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 7(1), 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessmer, M. (1995). [Pareto Analysis of a classroom learning environment.] Unpublished raw data.

  • Tessmer, M. (1996). Formative evaluation. In P. Kommers, S. Grabinger, & J. Dunlap (Eds.),Hypermedia learning environments (187–210). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessmer, M., & Harris, D. (1992).Analysing the instructional setting: Environmental analysis. London: Kogan Page. Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessmer, M., Jonassen, D., & Caverly, D. (1989).A nonprogrammer's guide to developing microcomputer courseware. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessmer, M., & Wedman, J.F. (1995). Context-sensitive instructional design models: A response to design theory, practice, and criticism.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 8(3), 38–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, K., & Dawson, G. (1992). Constraints to curriculum reform: Teachers and the Myths of schooling.Educational Technology Research and Development, 40(1), 81–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tracey, J.B., Tannenbaum, S.I., & Kavanagh, M.J. (1995). Applying trained skills on the job: The importance of the work environment.Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(2), 239–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (2nd ed.). New York: World Publishing Company.

  • Weinstein, C.S. (1979). The physical environment of the school: A review of the research.Review of Educational Research, 49(4), 577–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, S. (1972).Physical criteria for adult learning environments. Washington, DC: Adult Education Association of the U.S.A., Commission on Planning Adult Learning Systems, Facilities, and Environments. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 080 882)

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitten, W.B. (1992). The hurdles of technology transfer.Educational Technology, 32(5), 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B.G. (Ed.). (1996).Constructivist learning environments: Case studies in instructional design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, L.Y.S. (1992). Education of Asian Americans. In M.C. Alkin (Ed.),Encyclopedia of educational research (6th ed., pp. 92–96). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeaman, A. (1983). Microcomputer learning stations and student health and safety: Planning, evaluation, and revisions of physical arrangements.Educational Technology, 23(12), 16–22.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tessmer, M., Richey, R.C. The role of context in learning and instructional design. ETR&D 45, 85–115 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299526

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299526

Keywords

Navigation