Abstract
The constituency and the behavior of the clausal clitics in Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian and Bulgarian are analyzed. It is argued that, while in Serbo-Croatian the clausal clitics are moved to CP and the cluster is formed in a node that is right-adjoined to C°, in Macedonian and Bulgarian the clitics are base-derived in IP, and the cluster is formed to the immediate left of V. The movement of the clitics to CP reflects the propensity of the clitics in Common Slavic to occur in clitic-second or Wackernagel position. Nevertheless, this propensity is overruled to the extent to which the verb forms a local domain with the clitics.
In Macedonian, where the verb does form a local domain with the clitics, the clitic cluster is formed in IP, to the immediately left of the finite verb, so that, when the verb moves, the cluster trails along (piggy-backing). In contrast, in Serbo-Croatian, the verb does not form a local domain with the clitics and the clitic cluster is formed in reference to a specified syntactic position (the complementizer, in this case), rather than with reference to a specified syntactic category. In Bulgarian, where the verb and the clitics are weakly tied, the clitic cluster is formed in IP, but there is a discrepancy between syntactic and phonological ‘allegiance’.
Since the restriction on multiple adjunction in the specifiers to the left of C° follows from the clustering of the clitics in it, while the clitics cluster in C° if they do not form a local domain with the finite verb of their clause, we may conclude that the Wackernagel Effect indirectly depends on whether or not the clitics form a local domain with that verb. The discrepancy between the syntactic and phonological behavior of the Bulgarian clitics can be explained by the fact that the propensity of the Bulgarian finite verb to form a local domain with the clitics is still weak, so that, while their syntactic properties have changed, the phonological properties of the Bulgarian clitics reflect those of their common Slavic ancestor.
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This paper originated at a talk I gave in October 1992 at the Workshop on Balkan and Slavic Syntax, organized at the University of Ottawa in connection with NELS 23; thanks for comments are due to the audience at the Workshop. I profited very much from two ‘discussion sessions’ with Maria-Luisa Rivero and from the comments that Ljiljana Progovac, Wayles Browne and Catherine Rudin made on the extended written version of the material I presented in Ottawa. To Frits Beukema I am grateful for discussion of some theoretical issues. My special gratitude is due to the anonymous readers of the previous versions of this paper, whose suggestions led to clarification and strengthening of many points.
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Tomić, O.M. The Balkan Slavic clausal clitics. Nat Lang Linguist Theory 14, 811–872 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00133364
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00133364