Abstract
The apoplasmic and symplasmic iron pools were determined in roots and leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Bonner Beste and its mutant chloronerva. The mutant is auxotrophic for the ubiquitous plant constituent nicotianamine (NA) and exhibits an impaired iron metabolism. Formation of apoplasmic iron pools in roots was dependent on the iron source in the nutrient solution. With Fe-ethylenediaminedi-(2-hydroxyphenylacetate) (FeEDDHA) only a very small apoplasmic iron pool was formed in the roots of both genotypes. Plants grown with FeEDTA increased their apoplasmic iron pool with increasing exogenous iron concentrations in the nutrient solution. The size of the apoplasmic pools in roots did not differ between the wild-type and the mutant (about 85 μmol Fe · g−1 DW). By contrast, the symplasmic iron concentrations in roots and leaves of the mutant were significantly higher when compared to the wild-type. An exogenous NA supply to the leaves of the mutant reduced the high symplasmic iron concentrations to the level of the wild-type. Mutant leaves exhibited a gradient of symplasmic iron concentrations depending on the developmental age of the leaves. The oldest leaves contained considerably more symplasmic iron than the youngest. The results demonstrate that the apparent iron deficiency of the mutant is not the consequence of an impaired iron transport from the apoplasm to the symplasm. Therefore, it is concluded that NA is not required for the transport of Fe(II) through the plasmalemma into the cell.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BPDS:
-
bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid, Na2 salt
- FeEDDHA:
-
ferric N-N′-ethylenediaminedi-(2-hydroxy-phenylacetate)
- NA:
-
nicotianamine
References
Anderegg, G., Ripperger, H. (1989) Correlation between metal complex formation and biological activity of nicotianamine analogues. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 10, 647–650
Becker, R., Pich, A., Scholz, G., Seifert, K. (1989) Influence of nicotianamine and iron supply on formation and elongation of adventitious roots in hypocotyl cuttings of the tomato mutant chloronerva (Lycopersicon esculentum). Physiol. Plant. 76, 47–52
Beneš, I., Schreiber, K., Ripperger, H., Kircheiss, A. (1983) Metal complex formation by nicotianamine, a possible phytosiderophore. Experientia 39, 261–262
Bienfait, H.F., Bino, R.J., van der Bliek, Duivenvoorden, J.F., Fontaine, J.M. (1983) Characterization of ferric reducing activity in roots of Fe-deficient Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiol. Plant. 59, 196–202
Bienfait, H.F., van den Briel, W., Mesland-Mul, N.T. (1985) Free space iron pools in roots. Generation and mobilization. Plant Physiol. 78, 596–600
Chaney, R.L., Bell, P.F. (1987) Complexity of iron nutrition: Lessons for plant-soil interaction research. J. Plant Nutr. 10, 963–994
Chaney, R.L., Brown, J.C., Tiffin, L.O. (1972) Obligatory reduction of ferric chelates in iron uptake by soybeans. Plant Physiol. 50, 208–213
Erickson, R.O. (1986) Symplastic growth and symplasmic transport. Plant Physiol. 82, 1153
Humphries, E.C. (1956) Mineral components and ash analysis. In: Modern methods of plant analysis, pp. 468–502, Paech, K., Tracey, M.V., eds. Springer, Berlin
Longnecker, N., Welch, R.M. (1990) Accumulation of apoplastic iron in plant roots. A factor in the resistance of soybeans to iron-deficiency induced chlorosis? Plant Physiol. 92, 17–22
Marschner, H., Römheld, V., Kissel, M. (1986) Different strategies in higher plants in mobilization and uptake of iron. J. Plant Nutr. 9, 695–713
Mori, S., Nishizawa, N. (1987) Methionine as a dominant precursor of phytosiderophores in Graminaceae plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 28, 1081–1092
Pich, A., Scholz, G. (1991) Nicotianamine and the distribution of iron into apoplast and symplast of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). II. Uptake of iron by protoplasts from the variety Bonner Beste and its nicotianamine-less mutant chloronerva and the compartmentation of iron in leaves. J. Exp. Bot., 42, 1517–1523
Pich, A., Scholz, G., Seifert, K. (1991) Effect of nicotianamine on iron uptake and citrate accumulation in two genotypes of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. J. Plant Physiol. 137, 323–326
Römheld, V., Marschner, H. (1984) Plant-induced pH changes in the rhizosphere of “Fe-efficient” and “Fe-inefficient” soybean and corn cultivars. J. Plant Nutr. 7, 623–630
Scholz, G. (1967) Physiologische Untersuchungen an der Mutante chloronerva von Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 2. Quantitative Aspekte der Eisenaufnahme und -verteilung und deren Beziehung zur “phänotypischen Normalisierung”. Kulturpflanze 15, 255–266
Scholz, G., Becker, R., Stephan, U.W., Rudolph, A., Pich, A. (1988) The regulation of iron uptake and possible functions of nicotianamine in higher plants. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen 183, 257–269
Scholz, G., Schlesier, G., Seifert, K. (1985) Effect of nicotianamine on iron uptake by the tomato mutant “chloronerva”. Physiol. Plant. 63, 99–104
Seckbach, J. (1982) Ferreting out the secrets of plant ferritin — A review. J. Plant Nutr. 5, 369–394
Sijmons, P.C., Bienfait, H.F. (1986) Development of Fe3+ reduction activity and H+ extrusion during growth foiron-deficient bean plants in a rhizostat. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen 181, 283–299
Stephan, U.W., Grün, M. (1989) Physiological disorders of the nicotianamine-auxotroph tomato mutant chloronerva at different levels of iron nutrition. II. Iron deficiency responses and heavy metal metabolism. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen 185, 189–200
Stephan, U.W., Procházka, Ž. (1989) Physiological disorders of the nicotianamine-auxotroph tomato mutant chloronerva at different levels of iron nutrition. I. Growth characteristics and physiological abnormalities related to iron and nicotianamine supply. Acta Bot. Neerl. 38, 147–153
Takemoto, T., Nomoto, K., Fushiya, S., Ouchi, R., Kusano, G., Hikino, H., Takagi, S., Matsuura, Y., Kakudo, M. (1978) Structure of mugineic acid, a new amino acid possessing an ironchelating activity from roots washings of water-cultured Hordeum vulgare L. Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B 54, 469–473
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Part 40 in the series “The ‘normalizing factor’ for the tomato mutant chloronerva”. For part 39 see Pich et al. (1991)
The valuable technical assistance of Mrs. Christa Kallas and Mr. Günter Faupel is gratefully acknowledged.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Becker, R., Grün, M. & Scholz, G. Nicotianamine and the distribution of iron into the apoplasm and symplasm of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Planta 187, 48–52 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00201622
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00201622