Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

High-energy models and the ontological status of the quark

  • Published:
Synthese Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abbott, L. F. et al., ‘Supercurrent Anomaly in a Supersymmetric Gauge Theory’, Physical Review D 16 (1977), 2995–3001.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Abolins, M. A. et al., ‘Search for Narrow High Mass States at Fermilab’, in [102], pp. 102–106.

  3. Albright, C. H., Shrock, R. E., and Smith, j., ‘Implications of the γ(9.5) for Gauge Theories of Weak Interactions,’ Physical Review D 17 (1978), 2383–2409.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Appelquist, T., ‘Comments on the New Particles,’ in [102], pp. 62–74.

  5. Arnowitt, R. and Nath, P. (eds.)., Gauge Theories and Modern Field Theory, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ayre, C. A., Gustafson, H. R., and Jones, L. W., ‘Search for New Massive Long-Lived Neutral Particles,’ Physical Review Letters 37 (1976), 474–477.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bacino, W., et al., ‘Measurement of the Treshold Behavior of τ+τ− Production in e+e− Annihilation,’ Physical Review Letters 41 (1978), 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barnett, B. A., ‘Inclusive Particle Production and Anomalous Muons in e+e− Collisions at SPEAR,’ in [102], pp. 285–303.

  9. Barnett, R. M., and Martin, F., ‘Distinguishing Scaling Violations from New Currents,’ Physical Review D 16 (1977), 2765–68.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bhandari, R., ‘Spin Tests for Charmed Mesons Produced in e+e− Annihilation at √s = 4.028 GeV’, Physical Review D 17 (1978), 2965–2970.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bintinger, D., et al., ‘A Search for New Particles in Proton-Nucleus Collisions at 400 GeV/c,’ in [102], pp. 30–37.

  12. Bowman, P. A., ‘Comment,’ in [124], pp. 364–73.

  13. Breidenbach, M., ‘Other Structure in e+e− Annihilation,’ in [102], pp. 305–319.

  14. Cahn, R. N., ‘New Absolutely Stable Hadrons,’ Physical Review Letters 40 (1978), 80–83.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Cahn, R. N., and Ellis, S. D., ‘Decays of the γ' and the Structure of the Resonances at 10 GeV,’ Physical Review D 17 (1978), 2338–2341.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Callan, C. G., ‘An Introduction to the Light Cone,’ in [56], pp. 264–79.

  17. Carlitz, R. D., ‘Bound States from Instantons,’ Physical Review D 17 (1978), 3225–3237.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Charpak, G., ‘Evolution of the Automatic Spark Chambers,’ Annual Review of Nuclear Science 20 (1970), 195–254.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Chen, M., ‘Search for New Particles Below 50 BeV,’ in [102], pp. 13–29.

  20. Chew, Geoffrey F., ‘Hadron Bootstrap: Triumph or Frustration?’, Physics Today 23 (1970), 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Chew, G. F., ‘Multiperipheralism and the Bootstrap,’ Comments on Nuclear and Particle Physics 2 (1968), 163–168.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Chew, G. F., ‘Nuclear and Particle Physics: Two Different Subjects?’, Comments on Nuclear and Particle Physics 2 (1968), 107–110.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chew, G. F. and Frautschi, S. C., ‘Regge Poles in π π Scattering,’ Physical Review 126 (1962), 1202–1208.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chew, G. F. and Facob, M., Strong-Interaction Physics, Benjamin, New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chew, G. F. and Pignotti, A., ‘Multiperipheral Bootstrap Model,’ Physical Review 176 (1968), 2112–2119.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chiu, C. B., ‘Evidence for Regge Poles and Hadron Collision Phenomena,’ Annual Review of Nuclear Science 22 (1972), 255–316.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Chupka, W., Stevens, C. M., and Schiffer, J. P., ‘Search for Fractionally Charged Particles in Lunar Soil,’ Physical Review D 14 (1976), 716–727.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Cleymans, J. and Rodenberg, R., ‘Quark-Parton Fragmentation Functions,’ Physical Review D 9 (1974), 155–158.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cline, D. B., Mann, A. K. and Rubbia, C., ‘The Search for New Families of Elementary Particles,’ Scientific American 234 (1976), 44–54.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Close, F. E., ‘A New Interaction for Leptons?’, Nature 273 (1978), 706–708.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Colodny, R. G. (ed.)., Paradigms and Paradoxes, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Contogouris, A. P., et al., ‘Scale-Violating Quark Model for Large-pT Processes, Two-Hadron Inclusive Reactions and Correlations,’ Physical Review D 17 (1978), 2992–3002.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Cox, P. and Yildiz, H., ‘Heavy Leptons in Trimuon Events,’ Physical Review D 16 (1977), 2897–2899.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dashen, R., ‘Lectures on Chiral Symmetry Breaking,’ in [56], pp. 204–231.

  35. Davies, D., ‘Can High Energy Physics Be Too Easy?’, Nature 273 (1978), 479.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Davis, H. L., ‘A New Particle and a New Agency,’ Physics Today 28 (1975), 136.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Davis, H. L., ‘Colliding-Beam Data Offer Evidence for Charmed Particle,’ Physics Today 29 (1976), 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Derrick, M., ‘The Bubble-Chamber Technique: Recent Developments and Some Possibilities for the Future,’ Progress in Nuclear and Particle Physics 11 (1970), 223–269.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Deser, S., and Zumino, B., ‘Consistent Supergravity,’ Physics Letters 62B (1976), 335–337.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Deser, S., et al., ‘Renormalizability Properties of Supergravity,’ Physical Review Letters 38 (1977), 527–30.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Drell, S. D., ‘When Is a Particle?’, Physics Today 31 (1978), 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Drell, S. D., and Weinstein, M., ‘Field Theory on a Lattice’, Physical Review D 17 (1978), 3203–3211.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Eichten, E. et al., ‘Charmonium: The Model’, Physical Review D 17 (1978), 3090–3117.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ellis, S. D. and Kislinger, M. B., ‘Implication of Parton-Model Concepts for Large-Transverse-Momentum Production of Hadrons,’ Physical Review D 9 (1974), 2027–2051.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Emmerson, J. M., Symmetry Principles in Particle Physics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ericson, T., ‘Conference Summary,’ in [123],

    Google Scholar 

  47. Fayet, P. et al., ‘Supersymmetry,’ Physics Reports 32C (1977), 249–334.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Feinberg, G., What Is the World Made of?, Doubleday, Garden City, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Feinberg, G., ‘Philosophical Implications of Contemporary Particle Physics,’ in [25], pp. 33–46.

  50. Feld, B. T., Models of Elementary Particles, Blaisdell, London, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Fenster, S., ‘Connection Between the Photon Constituent... of the Dual Vertex,’ Lettre al Nuovo Cimento 11 (1974), 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ferrara, S., ‘Supersymmetry,’ Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 6 (1976), 105–40.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ferrara, S. and Nieuwenhuizen, P. van., ‘Consistent Supergravity with Complex Spin 3/2 Gauge Fields,’ Physical Review Letters 37 (1976), 1669–1671.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ferrara, S. et al., ‘Supergravity and Local Extended Supersymmetry,’ Physics Letters 66B (1977): 35–88.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Feynman, R., ‘Structure of the Proton,’ Science 183 (1974), 601–610.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Flanagan, D., ‘Proliferating Quarks,’ Scientific American 237 (1977), 74.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Frampton, D. H., Dual Resonance Models, W. A. Benjamin, Reading, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Freedman, D. Z. et al., ‘Progress Toward a Theory of Supergravity,’ Physical Review D 13 (1976), 3214–3218.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Freedman, D., ‘SO(3) — Invariant Extended Supergravity,’ Physical Review Letters 38 (1977), 105–108.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Freedman, D. Z. and Nieuwenhuizen, Peter van., ‘Supergravity and the Unification of the Laws of Physics,’ Scientific American 238 (1978), 126–43.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Fubini, S., ‘The Development of Dual Theory,’ in [72], pp. 1–6.

  62. Gaisser, J. H., and Gaisser, T. K., ‘Partons in Antiquity,’ American Journal of Physics 45 (1977), 439–442.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Gale, G., ‘Chew's Monadology,’ Journal of the History of Ideas 35 (1974), 339–348.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gale, G., ‘Forces and Particles: Concepts Again in Conflict,’ Journal of College Science Teaching 3 (1973), 29–35.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gale, G., ‘The Physical System of Leibniz’, Studia Leibnitiana 2 (1971), 114–27.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Galik, R., Jordan, C., Richter, B., Seppi, E., Siemann, R. and Ecklund, S. ‘Search for Fractionally-Charged Particles Photoproduced from Copper,’ Physical Review D 13 (1974), 1856–1863.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Gaston, J., Originality and Competition in Science, University Press, Chicago, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Gatto, R. (ed.), Developments in High-Energy Physics, Academic, New York, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Georgi, H., ‘The State of the Art - Guage Theories,’ in [104], pp. 575–582.

  70. Giacomelli, G., ‘Total Cross-Section Measurements,’ Progress in Nuclear and Particle Physics 12 (1970), 77–225.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Gibson, W. M. and Pollard, B. R., Symmetry Principles in Elementary Particle Physics, University Press, Cambridge: 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Glashow, S. L., ‘Fundamental Theory,’ in [4], pp. 221–27.

  73. Glashow, S. L., ‘Quarks with Color and Flavor,’ Scientific American 233 (1975), 38–50.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Glashow, S. L., Rujula, A. D. and Shankar, R., ‘Question of Parity Violation in e+e− Annihilation,’ Physical Review D 14 (1976), 752–754.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Goldhaber, G. et al., ‘Observation in e+e− Annihilation... ’, Physical Review Letters 37 (1976), 255–59.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Grisaru, M. T., ‘Two-Loop Renormalizability of Supergravity,’ Physics Letters 66B (1977), 75–76.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Grisaru, M. T. et al., ‘One-Loop Renormalizability of Pure Supergravity... ’, Physical Review Letters 37 (1976), 1662–66.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Hanson, N. R., The Concept of the Positron, University Press, Cambridge, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Harris, R., ‘Charmed Particle Searches... ’, in [102], pp. 51–57.

  80. Heisenberg, W., ‘The Nature of Elementary Particles,’ Physics Today 29 (1976), 32–39.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Hesse, M., Forces and Fields, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Humpert, B. and Scharbach, P., ‘Neutral Heavy Leptons... ’, Physical Review D 16 (1977), 377–402.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Jackiw, R., ‘Charge and Mass Spectrum of Quantum Solitons,’ in [4], pp. 377–402.

  84. Jacob, M. (ed.)., Dual Theory, North Holland, New York, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Kantorovich, A., ‘Structure of Hadron Matter... ’, Foundations of Physics 3 (1973), 335–402.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kasha, H., ‘Is Quark the Quarry?’, Comments on Nuclear and Particle Physics 4 (1970), 135–319.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kokkedee, J., The Quark Model, Benjamin, New York, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Lederman, L. M., ‘Hunting of the Quark’, Comments on Nuclear and Particle Phvsics 1 (1967), 155–159.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lederman, L. M., ‘New Revolution in Particle Detection,’ Comments on Nuclear and Particle Physics 3 (1969), 101–106.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Leon, M., Particle Physics, Academic Press, New York, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Lorre, K. and Eichten, E., ‘Charm Threshold in Electron-Positron Annihilation,’ Physical Review Letters 37 (1976), 477–480.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Lubkin, G. B., Colliding-Beam Results Upset Quark Advocates,’ Physics Today 27 (1974), 17, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Lubkin, G. B., ‘Evidence Grows for Charged Heavy Lepton at 1.8–2.0 GeV,’ Physics Today 30 (1977), 17, 19, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Lubkin, G. B., ‘Mixed Reception for Magnetic Monopole Announcement,’ Physics Today 28 (1975), 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Lubkin, G. B., ‘Neutrinos and Atoms... ’, Physics Today 29 (1976), 17, 19, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Lubkin, G. B., ‘Nobel Prize... ’, Physics Today 29, 17, 19.

  97. Lubkin, G. B., ‘Sequel to the Psi,’ Physics Today 28 (1975), 17–19.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Lubkin, G. B., ‘Stanford Group Shows Evidence for Quarks,’ Physics Today 30 (1977), 17, 19, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Lubkin, G. B., ‘Upsilon Particles... Suggest New Quark,’ Physics Today 30 (1977), 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Lubkin, G. B., ‘Will Supergravity Unify... ’, Physics Today 30 (1977): 17, 18, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  101. McKay, D., ‘CP Violation, Radiative... ’, Physical Review D 16 (1977), 2861–2873.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Mandelstam, S., ‘Dual Resonance Models,’ in [72], pp. 295–353.

  103. Maxwell, G., ‘The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities,’ Scientific Explanation, Space and Time (ed. Feigl and Maxwell). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1962, pp. 3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Melosh, H., ‘Quarks: Currents and Constitutents,’ Physical Review D 13 (1974), 1095–1112.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Miller, D. J., ‘UPSI-DESY,’ Nature 273 (1978), 705.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Morgan, D., ‘The Context of the Search for Axions,’ Nature 274 (1978), 22–25.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Morpurgo, G., ‘A Short Guide to the Quark Model,’ Annual Review of Nuclear Science 20 (1970), 105–146.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Morpurgo, G., ‘Search for Quarks Using Magnetic Levitation,’ Physics Today 30 (1977), 9, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Nambu, Y., ‘The Confinement of Quarks,’ Scientific American 235 (1976), 48–60.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Nash, T. and Yamanouchi, T., ‘Search for Fractionally-Charged Quarks Produced by 200-and-300 GeV Proton-Nuclear Interactions,’ Physical Review Letters 32 (1974), 858–862.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Nath, P., ‘Supersymmetry,’ in [4], pp. 281–310.

  112. Ng, Y. J. and Tye, S. H., ‘Is the γ a Bound State of Exotic Quarks?’, Physical Review Letters 41 (1978), 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Nowak, E. et al., ‘Can Leptons Give Flavor to Hadrons?’, Physical Review D 16 (1977), 2874–85.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Olive, D., ‘Further Developments... Dual Theory,’ in [72], pp. 129–152.

  115. Owens, J. F., and Reya, E., ‘Hadronic γ Production, Parton Distributions, and Quantum Chromodynamics,’ Physical Review D 17 (1978), 3003–3009.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Pais, A., ‘Gauge Theories,’ in [4], pp. 212–20.

  117. Panofsky, W., ‘Physics in 1975,’ Physics Today 28 (1975), 23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Panvini, R. (ed.), Particle Searches and Discoveries — 1976, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Parashar, D. and Dobson, P., ‘Some Rare Meson-Decay Modes in a Relativistic Quark Model,’ Physical Review D 13 (1974), 185–189.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Pati, J. B., ‘The Unity of Baryons and Leptons,’ in Particles and Fields (ed. C. E. Carlson) AIP, 1975, pp. 604–22.

  121. Pati, J. B., ‘The World of Basic Attributes: Valency and Color,’ in [4], pp. 27–28.

  122. Peruzzi, I. et al., ‘Observation... at 1876 MeV/c2... ’, Physical Review Letters 37 (1976), 569–71.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Pilkuhn, H., The Interactions of Hadrons, Wiley, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Pretzl, K. P., ‘Results from Doris at DESY,’ in [102], pp. 248–73.

  125. Price, P. B. et al., ‘Evidence for the Detection of a Moving Magnetic Monopole,’ Physical Review Letters 35 (1975), 487–90.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Queen, N. M., and Violini, G., Dispersion Theory in High Energy Physics, John Wiley, New York, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Quigg, C., ‘Postlude,’ in [102], pp. 321–334.

  128. Roy, P., Theory of Lepton-Hadron Processes at High Energies, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Rujula, A., ‘Newly Discovered Resonances’, in [4], pp. 190–209.

  130. Salam, A., ‘Nonpolynomial Lagrangians, Infinities, and Gravity Theory,’ in [56], pp. 386–422.

  131. Sanda, A., ‘Massive Quarks... ’, Physical Review D 9 (1974): 1785–1789.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Schaffner, K. F., ‘Outlines of a Logic of Comparative Theory Evaluation... ’, in [124], pp. 311–354.

  133. Schwarz, J. H., ‘Dual Resonance Theory,’ in [72], pp. 153–220.

  134. Schwitters, R. F., ‘Fundamental Particles with Charm,’ Scientific American 237 (1977), 56–70.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Setti, R. L. and Lasinski, T., Strongly Interacting Particles, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Sexl, R., ‘Introduction to General Relativity’, in [56], pp. 331–71.

  137. Shrader-Frechette, K., ‘Atomism in Crisis’, Philosophy of Science 44 (1977), 409–440.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Stallo, J. B., The Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics, D. Appleton, New York, 1897.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Storms, B. G. et al., (eds.), High Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure — 1975, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Stuewer, R. (ed.)., Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Science. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Tomboulis, E., ‘... Supersymmetric Gravitation,’ Physics Letters 67B (1977), 417–420.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Treiman, S., Feynamn, R., Jackson, J., Lee, T. and Low, F., ‘Panel Discussion,’ in AIP Conference Proceedings: Particle Physics (ed.) by M. Bander, C. Shaw and D. Wong. American Institute of Physics, New York, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Van Hove, L., ‘Quarks as Additive Constituents of Mesons and Baryons,’ Comments on Nuclear and Particle Physics 1 (1967), 8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Veneziano, G., ‘... Dual Models... ’, in [72], pp. 7–50.

  145. Weinberg, S., ‘The Future of Unified Gauge Theories,’ Physics Today 30 (1977), 42–50.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Weinberg, S., ‘Gauge Symmetry Breaking,’ in [4], pp. 1–26.

  147. Weinberg, S., ‘Light as a Fundamental Particle,’ Physics Today 28 (1975), 32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Weisskopf, V., ‘Quantum Theory and Elementary Particles,’ High-Energy Physics, 1 (Ed. E. H. S. Burhop), Academic, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Wess, J. and Zumino, B., ‘Supergauge Transformations in Four Dimensions,’ Nuclear Physics B70 (1974), 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Wilson, R. R., ‘The Tevatron,’ Physics Today 30 (1977), 23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Wolfenstein, L., ‘... Neutral Currents,’ in [123], pp. 84–113.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Zepeda, A., ‘Mass of the Up Quark,’ Physical Review Letters 41 (1978), 139–141.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Louisville, USA

    K. S. Shrader-Frechette

Authors
  1. K. S. Shrader-Frechette
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shrader-Frechette, K.S. High-energy models and the ontological status of the quark. Synthese 42, 173–189 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413712

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413712

Keywords

Search

Navigation