References
Al-e Ahmad, J. (1982),Plagued by the West (Gharbzadegi) Translated from Persian by P. Sprachman, Delmar, New York, Caravan Books.
Algar, H. (1988), “Iman Khomeini, 1902–1962: The Pre-Revolutionary Years,” in E. Burke and I. Lapidus, eds.,Islam, Politics, and Social Movements, Berkeley, University of California Press, pp. 263–88.
Ashraf, A. (1988), “Bazaar-Mosque Alliance: The Social Basis of Revolts and Revolutions,” inPolitics, Culture and Society, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 538–67.
Ashraf, A. (1989), “There is a Feeling that the Regime Owes Something to the People,” inMiddle East Report, Junuary–February, pp. 13–18.
Ashraf, A. and Banuazizi, A. (1985), “The State, Classes, and Modes of Mobilization in the Iranian Revolution,” inState, Culture, and Society, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 3–40.
Bakhash, S.,The Reign of the Ayatollahs, New York: Basic Books.
Banuazizi, A. (1988), “Martyrdom in Revolutionary Iran,” a lecture delivered at the Iranian Studies Seminar, Columbia University.
Banuazizi, A., and A. Ashraf, eds. (1978).Shakhesha-ye Ejtema'i-ye Iran, Tehran, Plan and Budget Organization, 1375/1978.
Bazargan, M. (1983),Masa'el va Moshkelat-e Avvalin Sal-e Engelab, Tehran, Daftar-e Nahzat-e Azadi-ye Iran.
Bazargan, M. (1984),Engelab-e Iran dar Dow Harekat, Tehran, Daftar-e Nahzat-e Azadi-ye Iran, 1363/1984.
Bensman, J., and M. Givani, “Charisma and Modernity: The Use and Abuse of a Concept,” inSocial Research, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 570–614.
Bendix, R. (1977),Max Weber: an Intellectual Portrait, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Bendix, R. (1973) “Reflection on Charismatic Leadership,”—in idem State and Society, Berkeley, University of California Press, pp. 616–29.
Bendix, R., and G. Roth (1971),Scholarship and Partisanship: Essays on Max Weber, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Davani, A. (1979–1980),Nahzat-e Ruhaniyun-e Iran, 10 Vols., Tehran, Imam Reza Publishers, 1358-59/1979-80.
Fischer, M. (1980),Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Gelner, E. (1985), “Introduction,” inidem, ed.,The Islamic Dilemma, Berlin, Mouton Publishers.
Hojjati Kermani, M. J. (1988–89), “Feqh va Tamadon-e Jadid,” inIran Times, various issues from November 4, 1988 to February 24, 1989.
Homayun, D. (198!),Diruz va Farda: Seh Goftar Dar Bara-ye Iran-e Enqelabi, USA.
Khomeini, R. (1944),Kashf al-Asrar, Tehran, 1363 Q./1944.
Khomeini, R. (1981),Islam and Revolution, Translated and Annotated by H. Algar, Berkeley, Mizan Press.
Khomeini, R. (1983),Sahifa-ye Nur 18 Vol., Tehran, Markaz-e Madarek-e Farhangi-ye Enqelab-e Islami, 1361/1983.
Lowenstein, K. (1966),Max Weber: Political Ideas in the Perspective of Our Time, Amherst, The University of Massachusetts Press.
Majles-e Shora-ye Islami (1981),Ashna'i ba Majles-e Shora-ye Islami, Tehran, 1360/1981.
Majles-e Shora-ye Islami (1985),Moarefi-ye Namayandagan-e Majle-se Shora-ye Islami, Tehran, 1364/1985.
Mazlish, B. (1976),The Revolutionary Ascetic, New York, Basic Books.
Mottahari, M. (1963), “Moshkel-e Asasi dar Sazeman-e Ruhaniyyat,” in M. H. Tabatabi'iet al., Bahthi darMarja'iyyat va Ruhaniyyat, Tehran, 1341/1965, pp. 165–230.
Mottahedeh, R. (1984),The Mantle of the Prophet, New York, Simon and Schuster.
Pahlavi, M. R. (1980),Answer to History, New York, Stein and Day Publishers.
Pasandideh, M. (1989), “Zendaginama-ye Rahbar-e Enqelab-e Islami beh Revayat-e Baradarash,” inIran Times', March 17, 24, 31, April 7, 14, 21, 28, 1989.
Rafsanjani, A. (1980?),Enqelab Ya Be'that-e Jadid, Qom, Yaser Publishers, 1359/1980.
Razi, M. (1953),Athar al-Hojja, Qom, Borqe'i Bookstore, 1332/1953.
Ruhani, S. H. (1979),Barresi va Tahlili az Nahzat-e Iman Khomeini dar Iran, Tehran, 1358/1979.
Schweitzer, A.,The Age of Charisma, Chicago, Nelson-Hall.
Shaji'i, Z. (1965),Namayandagan-e Majles-e Shoray-e Melli dar Bist Dowra-ye Qanun Gozari, Tehran, Institute for Social Research, 1344/1965.
SCI (Statistical Center of Iran, 1968),National Census of Population and Housing, November 1966, Tehran, 1346/1968.
SCI (Statistical Center of Iran, 1981),National Census of Population and Housing, November 1976, Tehran, 1359/1981.
SCI (Statistical Center of Iran, 1982),Salnama-ye Amari-ye Sa-le 1360, Tehran, 1361/1982.
SCI (Statistical Center of Iran, 1982),Salnama-ye Amari-yhe Sa-le 1363, Tehran, 1364/1985.
Shari'ati, A. (1979),On the Sociology of Islam, Translated from Persian by H. Algar, Berkeley, Mizan Press.
Stepan, A. (1978),The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective', Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Walzer, M. (1965),The Revolution of Saints, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Weber, M. (1946),From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, Translated by H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, New York, Oxford University Press.
Weber, M. (1968),Economy and Society, Translated by G. Roth, and C. Wittich, New York, Bedminister Press.
Wolfenstein, E. V. (1971),The Revolutionary Personality: Lenin, Trotsky, Gandhi, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Zonis, M. (1983), “Iran: A Theory of Revolution from Accounts of the Revolution,” inWorld Politics, Vol. xxxv, No. 4, pp. 586–606.
Additional information
An expanded version of this paper will appear in A. Banuazizi and M. Weiner, eds.,The State and Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, forthcoming. While assuming responsibility for its content I am grateful to Ali Banuazizi for his comments and criticisms of various drafts of this paper.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ashraf, A. Theocracy and charisma: New men of power in Iran. Int J Polit Cult Soc 4, 113–152 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384773
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384773