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Sound radiation patterns in Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) songs

Charakteristik der Schallabstrahlung beim Nachtigallgesang

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Summary

Songs of a Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) were recorded in front of the bird (on-axis) and simultaneously at various off-axis angles. The pattern of sound radiation in the horizontal plane around the singing bird proved to be clearly directional with a median front-back difference (0°–180°) of 4.6 dB. This deviation from omnidirectionality seems to be an inevitable result of the bird's anatomy (i. e. sound shadow effects of the head and body) but some bird species may counteract the directionality of their songs by means of behaviour. Moreover, the directional song radiation pattern might be used to direct songs towards addressees of the signals.

Zusammenfassung

Ich habe den Gesang einer Nachtigall (Luscinia megarhynchos) gleichzeitig mit einem Mikrophon frontal zum Tier und einem Mikrophon in verschieden lateralen Winkeln um den singenden Vogel herum aufgezeichnet. Anschließend wurde aus den Schallpegeldifferenzen die Abstrahlcharakteristik der Vokalisationen berechnet. Das Muster der Schallabstrahlung war deutlich frontal gerichtet und wies einen mittleren Unterschied von 4,6 dB zwischen einem Winkel von 0° (vor dem Kopf des Vogels) und 180° (hinter dem Kopf) auf. Diese Abweichung von einer omnidirektionalen Abstrahlcharakteristik ist wohl eine zwangsläufige Folge der Schallabsorption durch den Körper der Tiere. Einige Vogelarten wirken der gerichteten Gesangsabstrahlung aber möglicherweise durch ihr Verhalten entgegen, in dem sie häufig die Ausrichtung ihrer Körperlängsachse oder die laterale Ausrichtung ihrer Köpfe während des Singens verändern. Darüber hinaus könnte die Direktionalität ihrer Gesänge von Vögeln dazu benutzt werden, ihre Signale gezielt an eventuelle Adressaten zu richten.

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Brumm, H. Sound radiation patterns in Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) songs. J Ornithol 143, 468–471 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02465601

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