Abstract
The relationship between stress and strain rate is often sigmoidal in superplastic materials, with a low strain rate sensitivity at low and high strain rates (regions I and III, respectively) and a high strain rate sensitivity at intermediate strain rates (region II) where the material exhibits optimal superplasticity. This relationship is examined in detail, with reference both to the conflicting results reported for the Zn-22 pct Al eutectoid alloy and to the significance of the three regions of flow.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
W. Rosenhain, J. L. Haughton, and K. E. Bingham:J. Inst. Metals, 1920, vol. 23, p. 261.
A. Sauveur:Iron Age, 1924, vol. 113, p. 581.
C.H.M. Jenkins:J. Inst. Metals, 1928, vol. 40, p. 21.
C.E. Pearson:J. Inst. Metals, 1934, vol. 54, p. 111.
E. E. Underwood:J. Metals, December 1962, vol. 14, p. 914.
A.A. Presnyakov:Sverkhplastichnost' Metallov i Splavov, publ. “Nauka,” Alma Ata, U.S.S.R., 1969.
A.A. Bochvar and Z.A. Sviderskaya:Izvest. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otdel Tekhn. Nauk, 1945, no. 9, p. 821.
M. W. Grabski:Nadplastyczność Strukturalna Metali, publ. “Ślcask,” Katowice, Poland, 1973.
M.Kh. Shorshorov, A. S. Tikhonov, S.I. Bulat, K.P. Gurov, N.I. Nadirashvili, and V. I. Antipov:Sverkhplastichnost' Metallicheskikh Materialov, publ. “Nauka,” Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1973.
O.A. Kaibyshev:Plastichnost' i Sverkhplastichnost' Metallov, publ. “Metallurgiya,” Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1975.
K. A. Padmanabhan and G.J. Davies:Superplasticity, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1980.
R.H. Johnson:Met. Rev., 1970, vol. 15, p. 115.
G. I. Davies, J. W. Edington, C. P. Cutler, and K. A. Padmanabhan:J. Mater. Sci., 1970, vol. 5, p. 1091.
J. Gittus:Creep, Viscoelasticity and Creep Fracture in Solids, Wiley, New York, NY, 1975, pp. 509–57.
O. Izumi:J. Japan Soc. Tech. Plasticity, 1975, vol. 16, p. 1015.
J. W. Edington, K. N. Melton, and C. P. Cutler:Prog. Mater. Sci., 1976, vol. 21, p. 61.
J. -P. Poirier:Plasticité à Haute Température des Solides Cristallins, Eyrolles, Paris, France, 1976, pp. 191–215.
M. Suéry and B. Baudelet:Rev. Phys. Appl, 1978, vol. 13, p. 53.
D.M.R. Taplin, G.L. Dunlop, and T.G. Langdon:Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1979, vol. 9, p. 151.
A. K. Mukherjee:Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 1979, vol. 9, p. 191.
G. Rai and N.J. Grant:Metall. Trans. A, 1975, vol. 6A, p. 385.
R. Grimes, M. J. Stowell, and B.M. Watts:Metals Technol., 1976, vol. 3, p. 154.
K. Matsuki and M. Yamada:J. Japan Inst. Metals, 1973, vol. 37, p. 448.
S.-A. Shei and T. G. Langdon:J. Mater. Sci., 1978, vol. 13, p. 1084.
G.L. Dunlop and D.M.R. Taplin:J. Mater. Sci., 1972, vol. 7, p. 84.
D. Lee:Acta Met., 1969, vol. 17, p. 1057.
W. A. Backofen, F. J. Azzarto, G. S. Murty, and S. W. Zehr:Ductility, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1968, pp. 279–310.
P. Chaudhari and S. Mader:High Speed Testing, Interscience, New York, NY, 1969, vol. VII, pp. 1–17.
M.M.I. Ahmed and T.G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, p. 1832.
D. Lee and W.A. Backofen:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1967, vol. 239, p. 1034.
H. Ishikawa, F. A. Mohamed, and T. G. Langdon:Phil. Mag., 1975, vol. 32, p. 1269.
R. Grimes, C. Baker, M. J. Stowell, and B.M. Watts:Aluminium, 1975, vol. 51, p. 720.
S.H. Butt and J. Crane:Metals Eng. Quart., 1972, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 63.
F. A. Mohamed and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, p. 117.
F. A. Mohamed, S.-A. Shei, and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, p. 1443.
F.A. Mohamed and T.G. Langdon:Phil. Mag., 1975, vol. 32, p. 697.
S.-A. Shei and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, p. 639.
S. T. Lam, A. Arieli, and A. K. Mukherjee:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1979, vol. 40, p. 73.
A. Arieli, A.K. S. Yu, and A.K. Mukherjee:Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, p. 181.
F. A. Mohamed, M.M.I. Ahmed, and T. G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, p. 933.
A. Ball and M.M. Hutchison:Metal Sci. J., 1969, vol. 3, p. 1.
H. Naziri, R. Pearce, M. Henderson Brown, and K.F. Hale:J. Microsc, 1973, vol. 97, p. 229.
H. Naziri, R. Pearce, M. Henderson Brown, and K. F. Hale:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, p. 489.
O.A. Kaibyshev, B.V. Rodionov, and R.Z. Valiev:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, p. 1877.
O. A. Kaibyshev, I. V. Kazachkov, and S. Ya. Salikhov:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, p. 1887.
M. L. Vaidya, K. L. Murty, and J. E. Dorn:Acta Met., 1973, vol. 21, p. 1615.
S. C. Misro and A. K. Mukherjee:Rate Processes in Plastic Deformation of Materials, J. C. M. Li and A. K. Mukherjee, eds., American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1975, pp. 434–58.
E. Pink, A. Marquez, and A. Grinberg:Scripta Met., 1981, vol. 15, p. 191.
D. Grivas, J.W. Morris, and T.G. Langdon:Scripta Met., 1981, vol. 15, p. 229.
D. Grivas: Report No. LBL-7375, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 1978.
S.H. Vale, D.J. Eastgate, and P.M. Hazzledine:Scripta Met., 1979, vol. 13, p. 1157.
A. Arieli and A. K. Mukherjee:Acta Met., 1980, vol. 28, p. 1571.
B.M. Watts and M. J. Stowell:J. Mater. Sci., 1971, vol. 6, p. 228.
G. Herriot, M. Suéry, and B. Baudelet:Scripta Met., 1972, vol. 6, p. 657.
M. Suéry and B. Baudelet:J. Mater. Sci., 1973, vol. 8, p. 363.
M. A. Clark and T. H. Alden:Acta Met., 1973, vol. 21, p. 1195.
P. Müller and G. Rassmann:Z. Metallk., 1975, vol. 66, p. 213.
S. Hori, N. Furushiro, and S. Kawaguchi:J. Japan Inst. Light Metals, 1975, vol. 25, p. 361.
A. Arieli and A. K. Mukherjee:Scripta Met., 1979, vol. 13, p. 331.
A. Arieli and A. K. Mukherjee:Scripta Met., 1981, vol. 15, p. 237.
P. Shariat, R. B. Vastava, and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1982, vol. 30, p. 285.
R.L. Coble:J. Appl. Phys., 1963, vol. 34, p. 1679.
F. R. N. Nabarro:Report of a Conference on Strength of Solids, The Physical Society, London, 1948, pp. 75–90.
C. Herring:J. Appl. Phys., 1950, vol. 21, p. 437.
F. A. Mohamed and T.G. Langdon:Scripta Met., 1976, vol. 10, p. 759.
T.G. Langdon and F. A. Mohamed:Scripta Met., 1977, vol. 11, p. 575.
F.A. Mohamed and T.G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1981, vol. 29, p. 911.
T.G. Langdon:Recrystallization and Grain Growth of Multi-Phase and Particle Containing Materials, N. Hansen, A.R. Jones, and T. Leffers, eds., Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1980, pp. 223–28.
S.-A. Shei and T. G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1978, vol. 26, p. 1153.
R.H. Bricknell and A.P. Bentley:J. Mater. Sci., 1979, vol. 14, p. 2547.
A. Arieli and A.K. Mukherjee:J. Mater. Sci., 1980, vol. 15, p. 2401.
T. G. Langdon:J. Mater. Sci., 1981, vol. 16, p. 2613.
M.M.I. Ahmed, F.A. Mohamed, and T.G. Langdon:J. Mater. Sci., 1979, vol. 14, p. 2913.
D. L. Holt:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1968, vol. 242, p. 25.
K. Matsuki, Y. Ueno, and M. Yamada:J. Japan Inst. Metals, 1974, vol. 38, p. 219.
O. A. Kaibyshev, R. Z. Valiev, and V. V. Astanin:Physica Status Solidi (a), 1976, vol. 35, p. 403.
O. A. Kaibyshev, Sh. Kh. Khannanov, and R. Z. Valiev:Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Strength of Metals and Alloys, Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, E.N.S.M.I.M., Nancy, France, 1976, vol. 1, pp. 423–27.
K. Matsuki, H. Morita, M. Yamada, and Y. Murakami:Metal Sci., 1977, vol. 11, p. 156.
R. Z. Valiev and O. A. Kaibyshev:Physica Status Solidi (a), 1977, vol. 44, p. 65.
I.I. Novikov, V.K. Portnoy, andT. E. Terentieva:Acta Met., 1977, vol. 25, p. 1139.
R.B. Vastava and T.G. Langdon:Acta Met., 1979, vol. 27, p. 251.
S.-A. Shei and T.G. Langdon:J. Mater. Sci., 1981, vol. 16, p. 2988.
T.G. Langdon:Metall. Trans., 1972, vol. 3, p. 797.
T.G. Langdon:Metals Forum, 1981, vol. 4, p. 14.
T. G. Langdon:Creep and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, B. Wilshire and D. R. J. Owen, eds., Pineridge Press, Swansea, Wales, 1981, pp. 141–56.
L. C. A. Samuelsson, K. N. Melton, and J. W. Edington:Acta Met., 1976, vol. 24, p. 1017.
R. Z. Valiev and O. A. Kaibyshev:Physica Status Solidi (a), 1977, vol. 44, p. 477.
J. E. Bird, A.K. Mukherjee, and J.E. Dorn:Quantitative Relation Between Properties and Microstructure, D.G. Brandon and A. Rosen, eds., Israel Universities Press, Jerusalem, Israel, 1969, pp. 255–342.
T.G. Langdon and F. A. Mohamed:J. Australasian Inst. Metals, 1977, vol. 22, p. 189.
B.P. Kashyap and G.S. Murty:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1981, vol. 50, p. 205.
O.A. Ruano, A.K. Miller, and O.D. Sherby:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1981, vol. 51, p. 9.
G. L. Dunlop and D. M. R. Taplin:J. Mater. Sci., 1972, vol. 7, p. 316.
K. Matsuki, Y. Uetani, M. Yamada, and Y. Murakami:Metal Sci., 1976, vol. 10, p. 235.
K. Matsuki, K. Minami, M. Tokizawa, and Y. Murakami:Metal Sci., 1979, vol. 13, p. 619.
R.Z. Valiev, O.A. Kaibyshev, M. M. Myshlayev, and D.R. Chalaev:Scripta Met., 1980, vol. 14, p. 673.
L. K. L. Falk, G. L. Dunlop, and T. G. Langdon:Electron Microscopy 1980, P. Brederoo and G. Boom, eds., Seventh European Congress on Electron Microscopy Foundation, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1980, vol. 1, pp. 154–55.
D. J. Dingley:Scanning Electron Microscopy/1970, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 1970, pp. 329–36.
N. Furushiro and S. Hori:Scripta Met., 1979, vol. 13, p. 653.
A. Eberhardt and B. Baudelet:J. Mater. Sci., 1974, vol. 9, p. 865.
W. Hotz, E. Ruedl, and P. Schiller:J. Mater. Sci., 1975, vol. 10, p. 2003.
A.E. Geckinli and C.R. Barrett:J. Mater. Sci., 1976, vol. 11, p. 510.
D. G. Attwood and P. M. Hazzledine:Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Strength of Metals and Alloys, Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, E.N.S.M.I.M., Nancy, France, 1976, vol. 1, pp. 413–17.
D.A. Miller, R. B. Vastava, and T. G. Langdon:Microstructural Science, G. Petzow, R. Paris, E. D. Albrecht, and J.L. McCall, eds., Elsevier North Holland, New York, NY, 1981, vol. 9, pp. 249–56.
R. C. Gifkins and T. G. Langdon:Mater. Sci. Eng., 1978, vol. 36, p. 27.
M. Suéry and B. Baudelet:Phil. Mag. (A), 1980, vol. 41, p. 41.
J. H. Gittus:J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1977, vol. 99, p. 244.
M.F. Ashby and R. A. Verrall:Acta Met., 1973, vol. 21, p. 149.
R. C. Gifkins:Scripta Met., 1973, vol. 7, p. 27.
R.C. Gifkins:Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, p. 1225.
E. W. Hart:Acta Met., 1967, vol. 15, p. 351.
J. W. Hutchinson and K. W. Neale:Acta Met., 1977, vol. 25, p. 839.
U. F. Kocks, J. J. Jonas, and H. Mecking:Acta Met.,1979, vol. 27, p. 419.
F. A. Nichols:Acta Met., 1980, vol. 28, p. 663.
D.A. Woodford:Trans. ASM, 1969, vol. 62, p. 291.
T. G. Langdon:Scripta Met., 1977, vol. 11, p. 997.
M. A. Burke and W. D. Nix:Acta Met., 1975, vol. 23, p. 793.
A.K. Ghosh and R. A. Ayres:Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, p. 1589.
F. A. Mohamed:Scripta Met., 1979, vol. 13, p. 87.
S. Sagat, P. Blenkinsop, and D. M. R. Taplin:J. Inst. Metals, 1972, vol. 100, p. 268.
G.L. Dunlop, E. Shapiro, D.M.R. Taplin, and J. Crane:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, p. 2039.
R.G. Fleck, C.J. Beevers, and D.M.R. Taplin:J. Mater. Sci., 1974, vol. 9, p. 1737.
C.W. Humphries and N. Ridley:J. Mater. Sci., 1974, vol. 9, p. 1429,
C. I. Smith and N. Ridley:Metals Technol., 1974, vol. 1, p. 191.
S. Sagat and D.M.R. Taplin:Acta Met., 1976, vol. 24, p. 307.
C. I. Smith, B. Norgate, and N. Ridley:Metal Sci., 1976, vol. 10, p. 182.
H. Ishikawa, D. G. Bhat, F. A. Mohamed, and T. G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1977, vol. 8A, p. 523.
C. W. Humphries and N. Ridley:J. Mater. Sci., 1978, vol. 13, p. 2477.
D.W. Livesey and N. Ridley:Metall. Trans. A, 1978, vol. 9A, p. 519.
D. A. Miller and T. G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1978, vol. 9A, p. 1688.
T. Chandra, J. J. Jonas, and D. M. R. Taplin:J. Mater. Sci., 1978, vol. 13, p. 2380.
T.G. Langdon:J. Microsc., 1979, vol. 116, p. 47.
T. G. Langdon and D. M. R. Taplin:Solid Mech. Arch., 1977, vol. 2, p. 329.
T.G. Langdon:Advances in Materials Technology in the Americas-1980, I. Le May, ed., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, 1980, vol. 2, pp. 55–60.
D. A. Miller and T. G. Langdon:Metall. Trans. A, 1979, vol. 10A, p. 1869.
M. J. Stowell:Metal Sci., 1980, vol. 14, p. 267.
T.G. Langdon:Metal Sci. (in press).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This paper is based on a presentation made at the symposium “On the Mechanical, Microstructural and Fracture Processes in Superplasticity” held at the annual meeting of the AIME in Pittsburgh, PA on October 7, 1980 under the sponsorship of the Flow and Fracture Activity of the Materials Science Division of ASM.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Langdon, T.G. The mechanical properties of superplastic materials. Metall Trans A 13, 689–701 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642383
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02642383