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Einfluss von körperlicher Aktivität und Sport auf die Knochengesundheit im Lebenslauf

Ein Überblick

Impact of physical activity and exercise on bone health in the life course

A review

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Körperliche Aktivität und Sport sind nicht nur für die metabolische und kardiovaskuläre Gesundheit, sondern auch für die Knochengesundheit von großer Bedeutung. Der vorliegende Überblicksartikel fasst Ergebnisse aus Beobachtungs- und Interventionsstudien zusammen, die den Zusammenhang zwischen körperlicher/sportlicher Aktivität und der Knochengesundheit im Lebenslauf untersuchen. Bereits im Kindes- und Jugendalter führen körperliche Aktivität und Sport zu einem erhöhten Knochenzuwachs. Im Erwachsenenalter kann altersbedingter Knochenschwund durch kontinuierliche und über mehrere Monate durchgeführte Sportprogramme vermindert werden. Dabei zeigen insbesondere Weight-Bearing Activities einen bedeutenden osteogenen Effekt. Im Kindes- und Jugendalter ist ein höherer Knochenzuwachs bis zu fünf Jahre nach Beendigung des Sportprogramms zu beobachten. Im Erwachsenenalter hingegen nimmt die Knochenfestigkeit nach Einstellung sportlicher Aktivitäten sogar schneller ab als bei Personen, die keinen Sport getrieben haben. Kontinuierlich durchgeführte körperliche und sportliche Aktivität sowie die Implementierung von Sportprogrammen in Schulen und bevölkerungsbasierten Interventionsprogrammen sind präventive Maßnahmen, um Osteoporose und osteoporosebedingten Frakturen vorzubeugen. Aufgrund fehlender prospektiver Langzeituntersuchungen ist die vermutete langfristig anhaltende Schutzwirkung von hoher körperlicher Aktivität und Sport im Kindes- und Jugendalter auf den altersbedingten Knochenschwund im Erwachsenenalter noch nicht belegt.

Abstract

Physical activity and exercise are important determinants for metabolic and cardiovascular health. They also play an important role for bone health in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. This review summarizes results from observational and intervention studies which evaluated the association between physical activity/exercise and bone health in different life course stages. In childhood and adolescence, physical activity and exercise induce improved bone accrual. In adulthood, mainly in postmenopausal women, long-term exercise programs reduce age-related bone loss. Especially weight-bearing activities seem to have an important osteogenic effect. Children and adolescent show a higher bone accrual until 5 years after cessation of an exercise program compared to their peers, who do not participate in an exercise program. In contrast, adults who quit exercising have a higher decrease in bone stiffness compared to adults who never exercised. This effect was particularly seen in postmenopausal women. Continuous physical activity and exercise over the life course and the implementation of exercise programs in schools and community-based intervention programs can help prevent or even reduce osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures. Due to the lack of prospective longitudinal studies, the supposed long-term sustainable protective effect of physical activity and exercise in childhood and adolescent on bone health in later adulthood is not well established.

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  1. BIPS - Institut für Epidemiologie und Präventionsforschung GmbH, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Deutschland

    D. Herrmann, A. Hebestreit &  W. Ahrens

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Die Arbeit wurde unterstützt durch das Kompetenznetz Adipositas, gefördert vom deutschen Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Förderkennzeichen DLR 01GI0822).

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Herrmann, D., Hebestreit, A. & Ahrens, W. Einfluss von körperlicher Aktivität und Sport auf die Knochengesundheit im Lebenslauf. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 55, 35–54 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-011-1393-z

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