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Multiple mineralization events of the Paleozoic Tuwu porphyry copper deposit, Eastern Tianshan: evidence from geology, fluid inclusions, sulfur isotopes, and geochronology

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Abstract

The Tuwu porphyry Cu deposit, located in Eastern Tianshan, NW China, is hosted by a plagiogranite porphyry and Carboniferous Qi’eshan Group volcanic rocks. Based on crosscutting relationships and mineral assemblages, hydrothermal alteration and mineralization processes at Tuwu can be divided into four stages: early propylitic alteration (stage I), porphyry mineralization (stage II), overprinting mineralization (stage III), and post-mineralization (stage IV). The porphyry mineralization stage (stage II) contributed to the majority of the Cu–Mo resource, with Cu mineralization occurring mainly as quartz-chalcopyrite veins. Stage III also produced minor Cu mineralization, characterized by chalcopyrite–anhydrite–chlorite–calcite assemblages. Fluid inclusion (FI) study reveals that stage II is characterized by a high-temperature, high-salinity, highly oxidized, and K-rich H2O–NaCl–CaCl2 fluid. Fluid boiling and mixing likely occurred during the porphyry mineralization stage, leading to the precipitation of chalcopyrite and pyrite. Alteration and mineralization in stage III were derived from a S-rich H2O–NaCl–CaCl fluid, with fluid boiling leading to the precipitation of chalcopyrite. The δ34S values of chalcopyrite from stages II and III are − 0.8–0.6 ‰ and 1.1–1.3 ‰, respectively, suggesting magmatic sources for the ore-forming components of both stages. 40Ar/39Ar dating indicates that stage II likely occurred at 328.1 ± 1.4 Ma, around the age emplacement of the causative plagiogranite porphyry (ca. 337.7–330.3 Ma). We suggest the overprinting mineralization event occurred at ca. 323 Ma, spatially and genetically related to the emplacement of the quartz albite porphyry at 323.6 ± 2.5 Ma.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge Dengfeng Li, Weifeng Zhang, Liandang Zhao, Wanjian Lu for providing assistance undertaking field work. We also thank the technical support of Niu Hecai for assistance during fluid inclusion microthermometry. This is contribution no. IS–2592 from GIGCAS.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China Program (U1603244), and Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB1803206).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Yunfeng Wang, Huayong Chen, Jinsheng Han & Bing Xiao

  2. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China

    Yunfeng Wang

  3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Huayong Chen

  4. ARC Research Hub for Transforming the Mining Value Chain, CODES, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia

    Michael J. Baker

  5. No.1 geological party, Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Changji, 831100, China

    Juntao Yang

  6. Western Australian Argon Isotope Facility, Department of Applied Geology & JdL-CMS, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia

    Fred Jourdan

Authors
  1. Yunfeng Wang
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  2. Huayong Chen
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  3. Michael J. Baker
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  4. Jinsheng Han
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  5. Bing Xiao
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  6. Juntao Yang
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  7. Fred Jourdan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huayong Chen.

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Editorial handling: R. Hu

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Highlights

• Two mineralization events have been recognized at Tuwu Cu deposit.

• Cu and Mo were mainly contributed by the porphyry mineralization at Tuwu.

• An overprinting model was proposed for the Paleozoic porphyry Cu deposits in NW China.

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Wang, Y., Chen, H., Baker, M.J. et al. Multiple mineralization events of the Paleozoic Tuwu porphyry copper deposit, Eastern Tianshan: evidence from geology, fluid inclusions, sulfur isotopes, and geochronology. Miner Deposita 54, 1053–1076 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-018-0859-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-018-0859-4

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