Abstract
This paper presents a simple implementation of Static Shunt Compensator (STATCOM) into Newton–Raphson current injection load flow method. The controlled STATCOM bus in the network is represented by voltage-controlled bus with zero active power generation at the required voltage magnitudes. The power mismatch equation of the connected STATCOM bus is included in Newton–Raphson current injection load flow algorithm, while the other PQ buses are represented by current mismatch equations. Moreover, the parameters of STATCOM can be calculated during iterative process and the final value will be updated after the convergence is achieved. This representation of generator buses reduces the number of required equations with respect to the classical and improved versions of the current injection methods. In addition of that the developed model reduces the complexities of the computer program codes and enhances the reusability by avoiding modifications in the Jacobian matrix. The performance of the developed STATCOM model has been tested using standard IEEE systems.
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Abbreviations
- PV:
-
Voltage controlled buses
- NR:
-
Newton–Raphson method
- PQ:
-
Load buses
- CB:
-
Connected STATCOM bus
- FACTS:
-
Flexible AC transmission systems
- STATCOM:
-
Static synchronous compensator
- SVC:
-
Static VAR compensator
- VSC:
-
Voltage source convertor
- N:
-
Total number of buses
- \(N_{\mathrm{PV}}\) :
-
Total number of voltage controlled nodes
- CM:
-
Current mismatch
- PM:
-
Power mismatch
- ICM:
-
Improved current mismatch load flow method
- HM:
-
Hybrid mismatch load flow method
- GTO:
-
Gate turn-off
- IGBT:
-
Insulated gate bipolar transistors
- IGCT:
-
Integrated gate commutated thyristors
- MCT:
-
Metal-oxide semiconductor controlled thyristor
- \(P, Q\) :
-
Active and reactive complex powers
- \(V\) :
-
Magnitude of node voltage
- \(\delta \) :
-
Angle of node voltage
- \(\Delta \) :
-
Refer to mismatches of variables
- \(I\) :
-
Current injection
- \(h\) :
-
iteration number
- r,m:
-
Subscripts refer to real and imaginary parts
- \(k,f\) :
-
Subscripts refer to nodes
- sp:
-
Superscript refers to specified values
- st:
-
Subscript refer to STATCOM device
- \(Z\) :
-
Refer to impedances of devices
- G,B:
-
Real and imaginary parts of admittance matrix
- \(\partial \) :
-
Refers to partial derivatives
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Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (MAEC) and the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECI), for providing research funding to the work reported in this research.
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Appendix
Appendix
The parameters \((a_{f},\; b_{f},\; c_{f}\) and \(d_{f})\) in Eq. (1) can be given as following:
where
When the bus has only a constant power load, the parameters are simplified to
These parameters are updated during the iterative load flow process.
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Kamel, S., Jurado, F. & Vera, D. A simple implementation of power mismatch STATCOM model into current injection Newton–Raphson power-flow method. Electr Eng 96, 135–144 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-013-0288-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-013-0288-4