Abstract
Assessment of the diversity of algal assemblages in Antarctica has until now largely relied on traditional microbiological culture approaches. Here we used DNA metabarcoding through high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to assess the uncultured algal diversity at two sites on Deception Island, Antarctica. The first was a relatively undisturbed site within an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 140), and the second was a site heavily impacted by human visitation, the Whalers Bay historic site. We detected 65 distinct algal taxa, 50 from within ASPA 140 and 61 from Whalers Bay. Of these taxa, 46 were common to both sites, and 19 only occurred at one site. Algal richness was about six times greater than reported in previous studies using culture methods. A high proportion of DNA reads obtained was assigned to the highly invasive species Caulerpa webbiana at Whalers Bay, and the potentially pathogenic genus Desmodesmus was found at both sites. Our data demonstrate that important differences exist between these two protected and human-impacted sites on Deception Island in terms of algal diversity, richness, and abundance. The South Shetland Islands have experienced considerable effects of climate change in recent decades, while warming through geothermal activity on Deception Island itself makes this island one of the most vulnerable to colonization by non-native species. The detection of DNA of non-native taxa highlights concerns about how human impacts, which take place primarily through tourism and national research operations, may influence future biological colonization processes in Antarctica.
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Data Availability
All soil samples analyzed in this paper are stored in the Laboratory of Microbiology at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Brazilian Antarctic Program (PROANTAR), Science and Technology National Institute of Cryosphere (INCT Criosfera II), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FNDCT), Brazilian Navy, and Brazilian Congresswoman Jô Moraes and Instituto de Ciências Biológicas at University of Brasilia for their support for this research. PC is supported by NERC core funding to the BAS “Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation” Team. We thank Laura Gerrish, BAS Mapping and Geographic Information Centre, for preparing Fig. 1. This study also contributes to the SCAR “State of the Antarctic Ecosystem” international research program. Michael Stech for providing useful insights into the manuscript.
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The research was funded by the PROANTAR, University of Brasilia Funds, and Brazilian Congresswoman Jô Moraes parliament fund.
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PEASC collected soil samples, optimized protocols for DNA extraction, and wrote the first version of manuscript. MCS contributed significantly in the later versions of manuscript. OHBP filtered the data and performed the metagenomic analysis once DNA information was available. ETA performed the ecological analyses. DKH helped optimizing laboratory protocols and revised all the manuscript versions. THS worked with protocol optimization and gave inputs to methodology. FP provided significant contributions to the manuscript discussion and revised all its versions. PC contributed to the result interpretations, gave important feedback to discussion and revised all manuscript versions. LHR collected the soil samples, provided the necessary infrastructure for DNA extraction, helped writing the first version of manuscript, and revised all versions.
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The collections and studies performed in ASPA 140 were authorized by the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty and by PROANTAR.
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Câmara, P.E.A.S., Carvalho-Silva, M., Pinto, O.H.B. et al. Diversity and Ecology of Chlorophyta (Viridiplantae) Assemblages in Protected and Non-protected Sites in Deception Island (Antarctica, South Shetland Islands) Assessed Using an NGS Approach. Microb Ecol 81, 323–334 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01584-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01584-9