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Where to leave a message? The selection and adaptive significance of scent-marking sites for Eurasian lynx

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Abstract

Scent marking is an important aspect of social organization and intraspecific communication for many mammals, including solitary felids. By selecting specific micro-locations for scent marking, an individual may increase its success in defending its territory and finding mates. Few studies, however, have reported the selection of scent-marking objects and sites by wild felids. To improve our understanding of this behavior and its adaptive significance, we developed and tested a set of mutually non-exclusive hypotheses explaining selection of scent-marking objects by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). We used snow tracking to locate and determine the characteristics of objects lynx used and selected for urine spraying. Lynx did not mark objects according to their availability but selected juvenile conifers and often marked the surface that was sheltered from the elements (“persistence hypothesis”). Lynx also selected for objects similar in size to lynx and objects located on straight road sections and avoided the most frequently available object types. This selection may have both promoted detectability of the messages by the conspecifics (“detection hypothesis”) and reduced energy expenditure of marking (“accessibility hypothesis”). Our study also indicated trade-offs faced by lynx, as the preferred marking objects were often not readily available. Therefore, suboptimal marking objects were sometimes used, most likely in order to maintain the high scent-marking frequency needed throughout their territory. We suggest that Eurasian lynx, and possibly other solitary felids, developed scent-marking behaviors that increase effectiveness and efficiency of their communication.

Significance statement

Scent marking is a form of communication that serves several purposes and allows the signals of the sender to reach a receiver indirectly. Persistence and detectability of these signals can have high adaptive value for solitary felids since the signals are essential for advertising territories for competitors and mates. Although both of these uses may depend on the micro-location where scent is deposited, the majority of studies have focused only on the marking sites used by felids and not on their availability or selection. By snow tracking Eurasian lynx, we showed that scent-marking sites most often used are not necessarily the same as the sites selected. We also provide insights into possible adaptive features of felid scent-marking and the possible mechanisms behind the selection of marking objects which likely serve to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of scent marking.

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Acknowledgments

This study was partly financed by the Slovenian Research Agency (grant no. P4-0059) and by the European Union through INTERREG IIIA Neighborhood Program Slovenia/Hungary/Croatia 2004–2006 (project “DinaRis”). We are grateful to P. Apps, U. Fležar, L. Garamszegi, J. Javornik, A. Žagar, and an anonymous reviewer for reviewing drafts of the manuscript and providing several useful suggestions that importantly improved the manuscript.

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Author notes

  1. Maximilian L. Allen and Miha Krofel contributed equally to the manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Maximilian L. Allen

  2. Wildlife Ecology Research Group, Department of Forestry, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Lan Hočevar & Miha Krofel

  3. Department of Forest Protection, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Maarten de Groot

Authors
  1. Maximilian L. Allen
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  2. Lan Hočevar
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  3. Maarten de Groot
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  4. Miha Krofel
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Miha Krofel.

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Ethical approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed, and the work conforms to the legal requirements of the country in which it was carried out.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. All sources of funding are acknowledged, and the authors do not expect any direct financial benefits that could result from this publication.

Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Additional information

Communicated by K. E. Ruckstuhl

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Allen, M.L., Hočevar, L., de Groot, M. et al. Where to leave a message? The selection and adaptive significance of scent-marking sites for Eurasian lynx. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 71, 136 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-017-2366-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-017-2366-5

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