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From Mesolithic hunters to Iron Age herders: a unique record of woodland use from eastern central Europe (Czech Republic)

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Abstract

In a continuous, perfectly stratified sedimentary sequence which was discovered under a large sandstone overhang in northern Bohemia, Czech Republic, we analysed multiple biological remains, archaeological features and artefacts. This multi-proxy record has allowed us to examine the interactions between woodland and humans in a permanently wooded environment throughout almost the entire Holocene. We paid most attention to massive finds of dung pellets from sheep, goats or pigs and bedding layers which show that the site was used as a pen and shelter for livestock which grazed in the woods. Our results imply that such practices have occurred since the Neolithic, but the most robust evidence of these is for the Iron Age and early Middle Ages. Detailed analyses of the dung indicate woodland grazing and foddering with branches, acorns, beechnuts and crop processing remains. In addition, the wide palaeoenvironmental range of this detailed investigation provides evidence of the impact of wood pasturing on ecological functions, taxon composition and diversity of the local woodland ecosystem in the Holocene.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Lenka Kovačiková, associate editor Ferran Antolín and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions. We also thank James Greig for his suggestions and improving the English. This work was supported by the Grantová Agentury České republiky (Czech Science Foundation), Grant No. 17-07851S “Late Holocene retrogression of forest ecosystems: Causes, processes and consequences for biodiversity”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 3, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

    Michaela Ptáková

  2. Institute of Botany, AS CR, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Michaela Ptáková

  3. Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and the Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 110 00, Prague 1, Czech Republic

    Petr Pokorný, Petr Šída, Jan Novák & Petr Meduna

  4. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic

    Ivan Horáček & Lucie Juřičková

  5. Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

    Aleš Bezděk

  6. Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 3, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

    Eva Myšková

  7. Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada

    Matthew Walls

  8. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic

    Jan Novák

  9. Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany

    Peter Poschlod

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  1. Michaela Ptáková
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Correspondence to Michaela Ptáková.

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Ptáková, M., Pokorný, P., Šída, P. et al. From Mesolithic hunters to Iron Age herders: a unique record of woodland use from eastern central Europe (Czech Republic). Veget Hist Archaeobot 30, 269–286 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-020-00784-0

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