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Inoculation of Rhizobium Alleviates Salinity Stress Through Modulation of Growth Characteristics, Physiological and Biochemical Attributes, Stomatal Activities and Antioxidant Defence in Cicer arietinum L.

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Abstract

Rhizobium is a plant growth-promoting bacteria, generally involved in nitrogen fixation and promotes growth in plants under abiotic-stressed conditions such as salinity. The present study investigates the significance of Rhizobium application in alleviation of salt stress in chickpea by increasing cell viability, stomatal movement, photosynthetic pigment and protein content, nitrate reductase, carbonic anhydrase as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Healthy and viable seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium before sowing. Salt treatment was given in terms of NaCl (50 or 150 mM) to the plants through soil at 20 days after sowing. High NaCl level (150 mM) reduced the growth attributes, pigment as well as soluble protein content, altered stomatal behaviour, reduced cell viability and enhanced the formation of superoxide radicals and other reactive oxygen species in foliage. Moreover, Rhizobium inoculation improved the mineral uptake, reduced electrolyte leakage which directly influences photosynthesis and improved yield attributes in the salt-treated chickpea plants. Therefore, Rhizobium could be applied to chickpea plants for efficient growth under salt stress.

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Abbreviations

PGPB:

Plant growth-promoting bacteria

ACC:

Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate

DDA:

Double distilled water

IARI:

Indian agriculture research institute

CA:

Carbonic anhydrase

NR:

Nitrate reductase

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

TBA:

Thiobarbituric acid

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

PMSF:

Phenylmethanesulfonylflouride

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

POD:

Peroxidase

CAT:

Catalase

NBT:

Nitro-blue tetrazolium

OD:

Optical density

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

SPSS:

Statistical package for the social sciences

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

DAS:

Days after sowing

EL:

Electrolyte leakage

ABA:

Abscisic acid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Zeenat Mushtaq & Shahla Faizan

  2. Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India

    Basit Gulzar

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

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  1. Zeenat Mushtaq
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  2. Shahla Faizan
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  3. Basit Gulzar
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  4. Khalid Rehman Hakeem
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ZM, SF and BG have performed the experiments and written the manuscript. KRH has analysed the data and critically edited the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Khalid Rehman Hakeem.

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Mushtaq, Z., Faizan, S., Gulzar, B. et al. Inoculation of Rhizobium Alleviates Salinity Stress Through Modulation of Growth Characteristics, Physiological and Biochemical Attributes, Stomatal Activities and Antioxidant Defence in Cicer arietinum L.. J Plant Growth Regul 40, 2148–2163 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10267-1

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