Abstract
The neurophysiology and antennal lobe projections of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) within sexually isomorphic short trichoid sensilla of male Heliothis virescens (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) were investigated using cut-sensillum recording and cobalt-lysine staining. A total of 202 sensilla were sorted into 14 possible sensillar categories based on odor responses and physiology of ORNs within. Seventy-two percent of the sensilla identified contained ORNs stimulated by conspecific odors. In addition, a large number of ORNs were specifically sensitive to ß-caryophyllene, a plant-derived volatile (N = 41). Axons originating from ORNs associated with individual sensilla were stained with cobalt lysine (N = 67) and traced to individual glomeruli in the antennal lobe. ORNs with responses to female sex pheromone components exhibited similar axonal projections as those previously described from ORNs in long sensilla trichodea in male H. virescens. Antennal lobe axonal arborizations of ORNs sensitive to hairpencil components were also located in glomeruli near the base of the antennal nerve, whilst those sensitive to plant odorants projected to more medial glomeruli. Comparisons with ORNs described from female H. virescens supports the notion that glomeruli at the base of the antennal nerve are associated with conspecific and interspecific odorants, whereas those located medially are associated with plant volatiles.
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Abbreviations
- AL:
-
Antennal lobe
- AN:
-
Antennal nerve
- D:
-
Dorsal
- E2-6:Ald:
-
(E)-2-hexenal
- EAG:
-
Electroantennogram
- 16:OH:
-
Hexadecanol
- 16:OAc:
-
Hexadecanyl acetate
- IPV:
-
Induced plant volatile
- LFG:
-
Large female glomeruli
- L:
-
Lateral
- LTS:
-
Long trichoid sensillum
- MGC:
-
Macroglomerulur complex
- M:
-
Medial
- 18:OH:
-
Octadecanol
- 18:OAc:
-
Octadecanyl acetate
- ORN:
-
Olfactory receptor neuron
- STS:
-
Short trichoid sensillum
- SSR:
-
Single sensillum recording
- Z9-16:Ald:
-
(Z)-9-hexadecenal
- Z11-16:Ald:
-
(Z)-11-hexadecenal
- Z9-14:Ald:
-
(Z)-9-tetradecenal
- Z11-16:OH:
-
(Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol
- Z11-16:OAc:
-
(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate
- Z3-6:OH:
-
(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol
- Z3-6:OAc:
-
(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate
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Acknowledgments
We thank K. Iceman and M. Grimes-Graeme for assistance with maintaining the H. virescens colony. We are grateful to Dr. R. Raguso Dr. J. Tumlinson and for kindly providing hairpencil stock solutions. We also thank Dr. S.G. Lee and Dr. T.C. Baker for advice with the cobalt–lysine staining technique. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0416861 (to NJV).
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Fig9
Cobalt lysine stain, 3-D reconstruction and ORN responses from male Heliothis virescens type 1 sensillum. a 3-D reconstruction of an ORN glomerular projection from a type 1 sensillum. This ORN exhibited a uniglomerular arborization in glomerulus 24, located medially of the DM glomerulus of the MGC (N=13). b Dose-response curves from ORNs in type 1 sensilla (N=19). Physiology and glomerular projections are consistent with description of this sensillar type in Hillier et al. (2006a,b). c Cobalt lysine stain of an ORN glomerular projection from a type 1 sensillum. This ORN exhibited a uniglomerular arborization in glomerulus 24, located medially of the DM glomerulus of the MGC (N=13). d ORN response profile (original spike trains) from a type 1 sensillum, responding primarily to male-produced hairpencil components 18:OAc and 16:OAc, and an interspecific antagonist, Z11-16:OAc (6 second total recording time, stimulus delivery 3 x 100ms pulses). Dorsal, D; Lateral, L. Scale bars = 100μm (JPG 143 kb)
Fig10
Cobalt lysine stain, 3-D reconstruction and ORN responses from male H. virescens type 3 sensillum. ORN physiology and glomerular targets from this sensillar type resemble previously described type ‘B’ sensilla from H. virescens LTS (Almaas and Mustaparta 1990; Almaas and Mustaparta 1991, Baker et al. 2004). a-b Cobalt lysine stain and 3-D reconstruction of an ORN glomerular projection from a type 3 sensillum. Staining of this ORN revealed a uniglomerular arborization in the DM glomerulus of the MGC (N=13). c ORN response profile (original spike trains) from a type 3 sensillum, responding primarily to Z9-14:Ald (6 second total recording time, stimulus delivery 3 x 100ms pulses). d Dose-response curves from ORNs in type 3 sensilla (N=26) stimulated with Z9-14:Ald. e-g Example of a multiglomerular double stain and 3-D reconstruction indicating axons projecting to DM and glomerulus 57 (N=6). This secondary projection to glomerulus 57 appears to arborize within the posterior complex structure described from other heliothine species (Lee et al. 2006a,b). Dorsal, D; Lateral, L. Scale bars = 100μm (JPG 174 kb)
Fig11
3-D reconstruction, cobalt lysine stain and ORN responses from male H. virescens type 26M sensillum. ORN physiology and glomerular targets from this sensillar type resemble type ‘A’ sensilla from H. virescens LTS (Almaas and Mustaparta 1990; Almaas and Mustaparta 1991, Baker et al. 2004). a An ORN exhibiting a multiglomerular double stain and 3-D reconstruction indicating axons projecting to the cumulus and with a second axon projecting to glomerulus 54 (N=3). Glomerulus 54 appears present within a ‘posterior complex’ structure described from other heliothine species (Lee et al. 2006a,b). b Dose-response curves from ORNs in type 26M sensilla (N=15) stimulated with Z11-16:Ald. c-d Cobalt lysine stain and 3-D reconstruction of a uniglomerular ORN arborization in the cumulus glomerulus of the MGC (N=7). e ORN response profile (original spike trains) from a type 26M sensillum, responding primarily to Z11-16:Ald (6 second total recording time, stimulus delivery 3 x 100ms pulses). Dorsal, D; Lateral, L. Scale bars = 100μm (JPG 106 kb)
Fig12
3-D reconstruction, ORN responses and cobalt lysine staining from male H. virescens type 27M sensillum. ORN physiology and glomerular targets from this sensillar type resemble type ‘C’ sensilla from H. virescens LTS (Almaas and Mustaparta 1990; Almaas and Mustaparta 1991, Baker et al. 2004). a 3-D reconstruction of an ORN glomerular projection from a type 27M sensillum. Multiglomerular arborizations in AM and VM glomeruli of the MGC (N=1). b ORN response profile (original spike trains) from a type 27M sensillum, responding to Z11-16:OAc, Z11-16:OH and weakly to Z9-14:Ald (6 second total recording time, stimulus delivery 3 x 100ms pulses). This particular cell exhibited very little response to Z9-14:Ald at 100μg stimulus load. No concentration series was constructed for this sensillum type (N=3). c-d Cobalt lysine stain showing ORN arborizations within the AM and VM glomeruli. Dorsal, D; Lateral, L. Scale bars = 100μm (JPG 163 kb)
Fig13
Cobalt lysine stain, 3-D reconstruction and ORN responses from male H. virescens type 13 sensillum. a-c Cobalt lysine stain and 3-D reconstruction of an ORN glomerular projection from a type 13 sensillum to glomeruli 6 and 14 (N=2). Arborization pattern observed is consistent with similar observations from type 13 sensilla in female H. virescens. d ORN response profile (original spike trains) from a type 13 sensillum, responding primarily to linalool, ß-caryophyllene, and much more weakly to Z3-6:OAc and Z3-6:OH (6 second total recording time, stimulus delivery 3 x 100ms pulses). e Dose-response curves from ORNs in type 13 sensilla (N=5) showing relative ORN sensitivity to each odorant. Threshold responses to Z3-6:OAc and Z3-6:OH are generally above 100μg. Dorsal, D; Lateral, L. Scale bars = 100μm (JPG 160 kb)
Fig14
3-D reconstruction, ORN responses and cobalt lysine stain from male H. virescens type 15 sensillum. a 3-D reconstruction of an ORN glomerular projection from a type 15 sensillum to glomeruli 14 and 38 (N=2). b ORN response profile (original spike trains) from a type 15 sensillum, responding primarily to ß-caryophyllene and weakly to E2-hexenal, 2-phenyl ethanol and α-humulune (N=6; 6 second total recording time, stimulus delivery 3 x 100ms pulses). c-d Cobalt lysine stain showing multiglomerular ORN arborizations within glomeruli 14 and 38. No concentration series constructed (N=1). Dorsal, D; Lateral, L. Scale bars = 100μm (JPG 159 kb)
Fig15
3-D reconstruction, ORN responses and cobalt lysine stain from male H. virescens type 16 sensillum. a 3-D reconstruction of an ORN glomerular projection from a type 16 sensillum to glomeruli 6 (N=12). b 3-D reconstruction of an unusual ORN glomerular projection from a type 16 sensillum to glomerulus 16 (N=1). c Dose-response curves from ORNs in type 16 sensilla (N=13). d-e Cobalt lysine stains for ORNs with corresponding projections to glomeruli 6 and 16. f ORN response profile (original spike trains) from a type 16 sensillum, responding to ß-caryophyllene only (6 second total recording time, stimulus delivery 3 x 100ms pulses). Dorsal, D; Lateral, L. Scale bars = 100μm (JPG 106 kb)
Fig16
a Summary of AL glomerular projections of physiologically characterized ORNs from STS in male H. virescens identified in this study, shown in anterior and lateral aspect. b Antennal lobe glomerular projections of physiologically characterized ORNs from female H. virescens described previously (adapted from Hillier et al. 2006a). In both sexes, ORNs sensitive to pheromones (female sex pheromone and male hairpencil pheromones) project to glomeruli near the base of the AN, whereas ORNs sensitive to induced plant volatiles are situated more medially within the AL. Glomeruli in both sexes are labeled according to the Heliothis virescens antennal lobe atlas (Berg et al. 2002). Dorsal, D; Medial M; Anterior, A (JPG 110 kb)
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Hillier, N.K., Vickers, N.J. Physiology and antennal lobe projections of olfactory receptor neurons from sexually isomorphic sensilla on male Heliothis virescens . J Comp Physiol A 193, 649–663 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-007-0220-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-007-0220-3