Abstract
This work presents the refractory black carbon (rBC) results of a snow and firn core drilled in West Antarctica (79°55′34.6″S, 94°21′13.3″W) during the 2014–15 austral summer, collected by Brazilian researchers as part of the First Brazilian West Antarctic Ice Sheet Traverse. The core was drilled to a depth of 20 m, and we present the results of the first 8 m by comparing two subsampling methods—solid-state cutting and continuous melting—both with discrete sampling. The core was analyzed at the Department of Geological Sciences, Central Washington University (CWU), WA, USA, using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) coupled to a CETAC Marin-5 nebulizer. The continuous melting system was recently assembled at CWU and these are its first results. We also present experimental results regarding SP2 reproducibility, indicating that sample concentration has a greater influence than the analysis time on the reproducibility for low rBC concentrations, like those found in the Antarctic core. Dating was carried out using mainly the rBC variation and sulfur, sodium and strontium as secondary parameters, giving the core 17 years (1998−2014). The data show a well-defined seasonality of rBC concentrations for these first meters, with geometric mean summer/fall concentrations of 0.016 μg L−1 and geometric mean winter/spring concentrations of 0.063 μg L−1. The annual rBC concentration geometric mean was 0.029 μg L−1 (the lowest of all rBC cores in Antarctica referenced in this work), while the annual rBC flux was 6.1 μg m−2 yr−1 (the lowest flux in West Antarctica records so far).
摘要
本文研究了由巴西西南极冰盖考察队科研人员在2014-2015年南极夏季在西南极(79°55′34.6″S, 94°21′13.3″W)钻取的雪冰芯中的耐热黑炭(rBC)特征。冰芯钻探深度为20 m,我们通过比较两种具有离散采样的二级采样方法(固态切割和连续融解)来分析冰芯上层8 m的结果。我们在美国中央华盛顿大学(CWU)地质科学系使用与CETAC Marin-5雾化器耦合的单颗粒黑炭光度计(SP2)对冰芯进行了分析。中央华盛顿大学近期组装了连续融解系统,此处展示了其初步成果。本文还介绍了有关单颗粒黑炭光度计重现性的实验性结果。实验表明,相较分析时间而言,样品浓度能够对南极冰芯低浓度rBC的重现性产生更大的影响。使用rBC变率以及硫、钠和锶等次要参数,估算出该冰芯的形成历时17年(1998-2014年)。数据显示,冰芯上层数米的rBC浓度具有显著的季节性,夏季/秋季几何平均浓度为0.016 µg L-1,冬季/春季几何平均浓度为0.063 µg L-1。rBC浓度的年度几何平均值为0.029 µg L-1(是本文引用的所有南极冰芯中rBC的最低值),年度rBC平均通量为6.1 µg m-2 yr-1(迄今为止西南极最低的通量记录)。
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andela, N., and Coauthors, 2017: A human-driven decline in global burned area. Science, 356, 1356–1362, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4108.
Arienzo, M. M., J. R. McConnell, L. N. Murphy, N. Chellman, S. Das, S. Kipfstuhl, and R. Mulvaney, 2017: Holocene black carbon in Antarctica paralleled Southern Hemisphere climate. J. Geophys. Res., 122, 6713–6728, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026599.
Bice, K., and Coauthors, 2009: Black carbon: A review and policy recommendations. Woodrow Wilson School of Policy & International Affairs. [Available online at http://www.wws.princeton.edu/research/PWReports/F08/wws591e.pdf]
Bisiaux, M. M., R. Edwards, J. R. McConnell, M. R. Albert, H. Anschütz, T. A. Neumann, E. Isaksson, and J. E. Penner 2012a: Variability of black carbon deposition to the East Antarctic Plateau, 1800–2000 AD. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 3799–3808, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3799-2012.
Bisiaux, M. M., and Coauthors, 2012b: Changes in black carbon deposition to Antarctica from two high-resolution ice core records, 1850–2000 AD. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 4107–4115, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4107-2012.
Bond, T. C., and Coauthors, 2013: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5380–5552, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171.
Casey, K. A., S. D. Kaspari, S. M. Skiles, K. Kreutz, and M. J. Handley, 2017: The spectral and chemical measurement of pollutants on snow near South Pole, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 122, 6592–6610, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026418.
Flanner, M. G., C. S. Zender, J. T. Randerson, and P. J. Rasch, 2007: Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008003.
Fretwell, P., and Coauthors, 2013: Bedmap2: Improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica. The Cryosphere, 7, 375–393, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-375-2013.
Hansen, J., and L. Nazarenko, 2004: Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 423–428, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2237157100.
Kaspari, S. D., M. Schwikowski, M. Gysel, M. G. Flanner, S. Kang, S. Hou, and P. A. Mayewski, 2011: Recent increase in black carbon concentrations from a Mt. Everest ice core spanning 1860–2000 AD. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046096.
Kaspari, S., S. M. Skiles, I. Delaney, D. Dixon, and T. H. Painter, 2015: Accelerated glacier melt on Snow Dome, Mount Olympus, Washington, USA, due to deposition of black carbon and mineral dust from wildfire. J. Geophys. Res., 120, 2793–2807, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022676.
Kaspari, S., T. H. Painter, M. Gysel, S. M. Skiles, and M. Schwikowski, 2014: Seasonal and elevational variations of black carbon and dust in snow and ice in the Solu-Khumbu, Nepal and estimated radiative forcings. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 8089–8103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8089-2014.
Katich, J. M., A. E. Perring, and J. P. Schwarz, 2017: Optimized detection of particulates from liquid samples in the aerosol phase: Focus on black carbon. Aerosol Science and Technology, 51, 543–553, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1280597.
Koch, D., T. C. Bond, D. Streets, N. Unger, and G. R. van der Werf, 2007: Global impacts of aerosols from particular source regions and sectors. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD007024.
Lauk, C., and K. H. Erb, 2009: Biomass consumed in anthropogenic vegetation fires: Global patterns and processes. Ecological Economics, 69, 301–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.003.
Legrand, M., and P. Mayewski, 1997: Glaciochemistry of polar ice cores: A review. Rev. Geophys., 35, 219–243, https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG03527.
Limpert, E., W. A. Stahel, and M. Abbt, 2001: Log-normal distributions across the sciences: Keys and clues: On the charms of statistics, and how mechanical models resembling gambling machines offer a link to a handy way to characterize log-normal distributions, which can provide deeper insight into variability and probability—normal or log-normal: That is the question. BioScience, 51, 341–352, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:lndats]2.0.co;2.
Marlon, J. R., and Coauthors, 2016: Reconstructions of biomass burning from sediment-charcoal records to improve datamodel comparisons. Biogeosciences, 13, 3225–3244, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3225-2016.
Marlon, R. J., and Coauthors, 2008: Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience, 1, 697–702, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo313.
Matsuoka, K., A. Skoglund, and G. Roth, 2018: Quantarctica [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.21334/npolar.2018.8516e961.
McConnell, R. J., and Coauthors, 2007: 20th-century industrial black carbon emissions altered arctic climate forcing. Science, 317, 1381–1384, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144856.
Mori, T., N. Moteki, S. Ohata, M. Koike, K. Goto-Azuma, Y. Miyazaki, and Y. Kondo, 2016: Improved technique for measuring the size distribution of black carbon particles in liquid water. Aerosol Science and Technology, 50, 242–254, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2016.1147644.
Moteki, N., and Y. Kondo, 2010: Dependence of laser-induced incandescence on physical properties of black carbon aerosols: Measurements and theoretical interpretation. Aerosol Science and Technology, 44, 663–675, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.484450.
Olfert, J. S., J. P. R. Symonds, and N. Collings, 2007: The effective density and fractal dimension of particles emitted from a light-duty diesel vehicle with a diesel oxidation catalyst. Journal of Aerosol Science, 38, 69–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2006.10.002.
Osmont, D., M. Sigl, A. Eichler, T. M. Jenk, and M. Schwikowski, 2018a: A Holocene black carbon ice-core record of biomass burning in the Amazon Basin from Illimani, Bolivia. Climate of the Past, 15, 579–592, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-579-2019.
Osmont, D., I. A. Wendl, L. Schmidely, M. Sigl, C. P. Vega, E. Isaksson, and M. Schwikowski, 2018b: An 800-year high-resolution black carbon ice core record from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-244.
Osterberg, C. E., M. J. Handley, S. B. Sneed, P. A. Mayewski, and K. J. Kreutz, 2006: Continuous ice core melter system with discrete sampling for major ion, trace element, and stable isotope analyses. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3355–3361, https://doi.org/10.1021/es052536w.
Petzold, A., and Coauthors, 2013: Recommendations for reporting black carbon measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013.
Sand, M., and Coauthors, 2017: Aerosols at the poles: An Aero-Com Phase II multi-model evaluation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 12197–12218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12197-2017.
Schwanck, F., J. C. Simões, M. Handley, P. A. Mayewski, R. T. Bernardo, and F. E. Aquino, 2016a: Anomalously high Arsenic concentration in a West Antarctic ice core and its relationship to copper mining in Chile. Atmos. Environ., 125, 257–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.027.
Schwanck, F., J. C. Simões, M. Handley, P. A. Mayewski, R. T. Bernardo, and F. E. Aquino, 2016b: Drilling, processing and first results for Mount Johns ice core in West Antarctica Ice Sheet. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 46, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201620150035.
Schwanck, F., J. C. Simões, M. Handley, P. A. Mayewski, J. D. Auger, R. T. Bernardo, and F. E. Aquino, 2017: A 125-year record of climate and chemistry variability at the Pine Island Glacier ice divide, Antarctica. The Cryosphere, 11, 1537–1552, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1537-2017.
Sigl, M., N. J. Abram, J. Gabrieli, T. M. Jenk, D. Osmont, and M. Schwikowski, 2018: 19th century glacier retreat in the Alps preceded the emergence of industrial black carbon deposition on high-alpine glaciers. The Cryosphere, 12, 3311–3331, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3311-2018.
Stohl, A., and H. Sodemann, 2010: Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Antarctic troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D02305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012536.
Tao, G. H., R. Yamada, Y. Fujikawa, A. Kudo, J. Zheng, D. A. Fisher, and R. M. Koerner, 2001: Determination of trace amounts of heavy metals in arctic ice core samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta, 55, 765–772, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00509-4.
Wang, Z., J. Chappellaz, K. Park, and J. E. Mak, 2010: Large variations in southern hemisphere biomass burning during the last 650 years. Science, 330, 1663–1666, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197257.
Wendl, I. A., J. A. Menking, R. Färber, M. Gysel, S. D. Kaspari, M. J. G. Laborde, and M. Schwikowski, 2014: Optimized method for black carbon analysis in ice and snow using the Single Particle Soot Photometer. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 7, 3075–3111, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-3075-2014.
Winstrup, M., and Coauthors, 2017: A 2700-year annual timescale and accumulation history for an ice core from Roosevelt Island, West Antarctica. Climate of the Past Discussions, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-101.
Acknowledgments
This research is part of the Brazilian Antarctic Program (PROANTAR) and was financed with funds from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Split Fellowship Program (Grant No. 200386/2018-2) and from the CNPq projects 465680/2014-3 and 442761/2018-0. We thank the Centro Polar e Climático (CPC/UFRGS) and the Department of Geological Sciences (CWU) faculty and staff for their support of this work. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions, as well as the Advances in Atmospheric Sciences team.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Article Highlights:
• The continuous melting system with discrete sampling is a faster and reliable way of analyzing low rBC concentration samples.
• The record showed a well-defined seasonal signal for black carbon, with higher concentrations during the Southern Hemisphere dry season.
• The sample concentration influences the analysis reproducibility more than the analysis time.
• The annual black carbon concentration was lower than other West Antarctic records and comparable to high-elevation East Antarctica ice cores.
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marquetto, L., Kaspari, S., Simōes, J.C. et al. Refractory Black Carbon Results and a Method Comparison between Solid-state Cutting and Continuous Melting Sampling of a West Antarctic Snow and Firn Core. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 37, 545–554 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-9124-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-9124-8