Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

HTLV infection and its implication in gynaecology and obstetrics

  • General Gynecology
  • Published:
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

Worldwide, 20–30 million people are estimated to be infected with HTLV. HTLV-1 is endemic in Western Africa and Southern Japan, whereas HTLV-2 is considered to be spread among native American people.

Materials and methods

The impact of HTLV in gynaecology and obstetrics is being reviewed. Search strategy and selection criteria for identifying relevant data were peformed by searching Medline, Current Contents, Web of Science, Embase and references from relevant articles. English and German gynaecological and infectious diseases textbooks as well as national and international guidelines and recommendations were also reviewed.

Results

Transmission may occur by sexual intercourse or cellular blood products. Although materno-fetal transmission is debated, transmission through maternal breast milk has been confirmed. An HTLV-infection can lead to adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) or cumulative opportunistic and neurological disorders that can occur with varying degrees of severity. Diagnosis can be done by antibody detection via the use of ELISA and western blot analysis as well as PCR diagnosis.

Conclusion

Due to inadequate treatment options and the lack of an effective vaccination, prevention is currently only possible by restricting transmission, including the usage of condoms during sexual intercourse or avoiding breastfeeding in HTLV-seropositive mothers. If, due to socio-economic reasons, breastfeeding cannot be avoided, short-term breastfeeding for a maximum of up to 6 months is suggested.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC (1980) Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:7415–7419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB (2006) HTLV in the Americas. Rev Panam Salud Publica 19:7–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Catalan-Soares BC, Murphy EL (2005) Global epidemiology of HTLV-I infection and associated diseases. Oncogene 24:6058–6068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Verdonck K, Gonzalez E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E (2007) Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection. Lancet Infect Dis 7:266–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC, Gout O, Maurs L, Calender A, de The G (1985) Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2:407–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Gallo RC (1985) The human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV) family: past, present, and future. Cancer Res 45:4524s–4533s

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bartholomew C, Jack N, Edwards J, Charles W, Corbin D, Cleghorn FR, Blattner WA (1998) HTLV-I serostatus of mothers of patients with adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Hum Virol 1:302–305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wilks R, Hanchard B, Morgan O, Williams E, Cranston B, Smith ML, Rodgers-Johnson P, Manns A (1996) Patterns of HTLV-I infection among family members of patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Int J Cancer 65:272–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gallo RC (2005) History of the discoveries of the first human retroviruses: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Oncogene 24:5926–5930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. zur Hausen H (2009) Papillomaviruses in the causation of human cancers—a brief historical account. Virology 384:260–265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jeang KT (2005) Retrovirology highlights a quarter century of HTLV-I research. Retrovirology 2:15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Manel N, Kim FJ, Kinet S, Taylor N, Sitbon M, Battini JL (2003) The ubiquitous glucose transporter GLUT-1 is a receptor for HTLV. Cell 115:449–459

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gaudray G, Gachon F, Basbous J, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Devaux C, Mesnard JM (2002) The complementary strand of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 RNA genome encodes a bZIP transcription factor that down-regulates viral transcription. J Virol 76:12813–12822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Albrecht B, Lairmore MD (2002) Critical role of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 accessory proteins in viral replication and pathogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66:396–406 (Table of contents)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bangham CR (2003) Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1): persistence and immune control. Int J Hematol 78:297–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zane L, Sibon D, Mortreux F, Wattel E (2009) Clonal expansion of HTLV-1 infected cells depends on the CD4 versus CD8 phenotype. Front Biosci 14:3935–3941

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Umeki K, Hisada M, Maloney EM, Hanchard B, Okayama A (2009) Proviral loads and clonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells following vertical transmission: a 10-year follow-up of children in Jamaica. Intervirology 52:115–122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tanaka G, Okayama A, Watanabe T, Aizawa S, Stuver S, Mueller N, Hsieh CC, Tsubouchi H (2005) The clonal expansion of human T lymphotropic virus type 1-infected T cells: a comparison between seroconverters and long-term carriers. J Infect Dis 191:1140–1147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Igakura T, Stinchcombe JC, Goon PK, Taylor GP, Weber JN, Griffiths GM, Tanaka Y, Osame M, Bangham CR (2003) Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton. Science 299:1713–1716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Saji F, Tokugawa Y, Kamiura S, Samejima Y, Ohashi K, Azuma C, Tanizawa O (1989) Vertical transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I): detection of proviral DNA in HTLV-I carrier gravida. J Clin Immunol 9:409–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Vandamme AM, Salemi M, Van Brussel M, Liu HF, Van Laethem K, Van Ranst M, Michels L, Desmyter J, Goubau P (1998) African origin of human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) supported by a potential new HTLV-2d subtype in Congolese Bambuti Efe Pygmies. J Virol 72:4327–4340

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lemey P, Pybus OG, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM (2005) A Bayesian statistical analysis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus evolutionary rates. Infect Genet Evol 5:291–298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Taylor GP, Bodeus M, Courtois F, Pauli G, Del Mistro A, Machuca A, Padua E, Andersson S, Goubau P, Chieco-Bianchi L, Soriano V, Coste J, Ades AE, Weber JN (2005) The seroepidemiology of human T-lymphotropic viruses: types I and II in Europe: a prospective study of pregnant women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 38:104–109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Larsen O, Andersson S, da Silva Z, Hedegaard K, Sandstrom A, Naucler A, Dias F, Melbye M, Aaby P (2000) Prevalences of HTLV-1 infection and associated risk determinants in an urban population in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 25:157–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Glynn SA, Kleinman SH, Schreiber GB, Busch MP, Wright DJ, Smith JW, Nass CC, Williams AE (2000) Trends in incidence and prevalence of major transfusion-transmissible viral infections in US blood donors, 1991 to 1996. Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS). JAMA 284:229–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kishihara Y, Furusyo N, Kashiwagi K, Mitsutake A, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J (2001) Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infection influences hepatitis C virus clearance. J Infect Dis 184:1114–1119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Price J, Cant BA, Barbara JA, Tedder RS (2001) Human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus risk may be enhanced in some selected donor populations. Vox Sang 80:148–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zehender G, Colasante C, De Maddalena C, Bernini F, Savasi V, Persico T, Merli S, Ridolfo A, Santambrogio S, Moroni M, Galli M (2004) High prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in immigrant male-to-female transsexual sex workers with HIV-1 infection. J Med Virol 74:207–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lillo FB, Capiluppi B, Chiarolini A, McDermott JL, Varnier OE (1999) First report of the presence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus I infection in Italian drug addicts. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 18:671–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Paun L, Ispas O, Del Mistro A, Chieco-Bianchi L (1994) HTLV-I in Romania. Eur J Haematol 52:117–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shtalrid M, Shvidel L, Korenfeld R, Duek A, Landau Z, Berrebi A (2005) HTLV-1 associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Israel: report of two patients of Romanian origin. Haematologica 90:ECR13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gotuzzo E, Sanchez J, Escamilla J, Carrillo C, Phillips IA, Moreyra L, Stamm W, Ashley R, Roggen EL, Kreiss J et al (1994) Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection among female sex workers in Peru. J Infect Dis 169:754–759

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Manns A, Wilks RJ, Murphy EL, Haynes G, Figueroa JP, Barnett M, Hanchard B, Blattner WA (1992) A prospective study of transmission by transfusion of HTLV-I and risk factors associated with seroconversion. Int J Cancer 51:886–891

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Osame M, Izumo S, Igata A, Matsumoto M, Matsumoto T, Sonoda S, Tara M, Shibata Y (1986) Blood transfusion and HTLV-I associated myelopathy. Lancet 2:104–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Jason JM, McDougal JS, Cabradilla C, Kalyanaraman VS, Evatt BL (1985) Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) p24 antibody in New York City blood product recipients. Am J Hematol 20:129–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sato H, Okochi K (1986) Transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) by blood transfusion: demonstration of proviral DNA in recipients’ blood lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 37:395–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Siegel R, Gartenhaus R, Kuzel T (2001) HTLV-I associated leukemia/lymphoma: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Cancer Treat Res 104:75–88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tynell E, Andersson S, Lithander E, Arneborn M, Blomberg J, Hansson HB, Krook A, Nomberg M, Ramstedt K, Shanwell A, Bjorkman A (1998) Screening for human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus among blood donors in Sweden: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ 316:1417–1422

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lee HH, Weiss SH, Brown LS, Mildvan D, Shorty V, Saravolatz L, Chu A, Ginzburg HM, Markowitz N, Des Jarlais DC et al (1990) Patterns of HIV-1 and HTLV-I/II in intravenous drug abusers from the middle Atlantic and central regions of the USA. J Infect Dis 162:347–352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bassani S, Toro C, de la Fuente L, Brugal MT, Jimenez V, Soriano V (2004) Rate of infection by blood-borne viruses in active heroin users in 3 Spanish cities. Med Clin (Barc) 122:570–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Zunt JR, Dezzutti CS, Montano SM, Thomas KK, Alarcon JO, Quijano E, Courtois BN, Sanchez JL, Campos P, Gotuzzo E, Guenthner PC, Lal RB, Holmes KK (2002) Cervical shedding of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I is associated with cervicitis. J Infect Dis 186:1669–1672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kaplan JE, Khabbaz RF, Murphy EL, Hermansen S, Roberts C, Lal R, Heneine W, Wright D, Matijas L, Thomson R, Rudolph D, Switzer WM, Kleinman S, Busch M, Schreiber GB (1996) Male-to-female transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II: association with viral load. The Retrovirus epidemiology donor study group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 12:193–201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Roucoux DF, Wang B, Smith D, Nass CC, Smith J, Hutching ST, Newman B, Lee TH, Chafets DM, Murphy EL, Investigators HOS (2005) A prospective study of sexual transmission of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I and HTLV-II. J Infect Dis 191:1490–1497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Figueroa JP, Ward E, Morris J, Brathwaite AR, Peruga A, Blattner W, Vermund SH, Hayes R (1997) Incidence of HIV and HTLV-1 infection among sexually transmitted disease clinic attenders in Jamaica. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 15:232–237

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ureta-Vidal A, Angelin-Duclos C, Tortevoye P, Murphy E, Lepere JF, Buigues RP, Jolly N, Joubert M, Carles G, Pouliquen JF, de The G, Moreau JP, Gessain A (1999) Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell-leukemia/lymphoma virus type I: implication of high antiviral antibody titer and high proviral load in carrier mothers. Int J Cancer 82:832–836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Li HC, Biggar RJ, Miley WJ, Maloney EM, Cranston B, Hanchard B, Hisada M (2004) Provirus load in breast milk and risk of mother-to-child transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type I. J Infect Dis 190:1275–1278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Biggar RJ, Ng J, Kim N, Hisada M, Li HC, Cranston B, Hanchard B, Maloney EM (2006) Human leukocyte antigen concordance and the transmission risk via breast-feeding of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I. J Infect Dis 193:277–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tsuji Y, Doi H, Yamabe T, Ishimaru T, Miyamoto T, Hino S (1990) Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type-I. Pediatrics 86:11–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hirata M, Hayashi J, Noguchi A, Nakashima K, Kajiyama W, Kashiwagi S, Sawada T (1992) The effects of breastfeeding and presence of antibody to p40tax protein of human T cell lymphotropic virus type-I on mother to child transmission. Int J Epidemiol 21:989–994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nyambi PN, Ville Y, Louwagie J, Bedjabaga I, Glowaczower E, Peeters M, Kerouedan D, Dazza M, Larouze B, van der Groen G, Delaporte E (1996) Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II) in Gabon: a prospective follow-up of 4 years. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 12:187–192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Takezaki T, Tajima K, Ito M, Ito S, Kinoshita K, Tachibana K, Matsushita Y (1997) Short-term breast-feeding may reduce the risk of vertical transmission of HTLV-I. The Tsushima ATL study group. Leukemia 11(Suppl 3):60–62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wiktor SZ, Pate EJ, Rosenberg PS, Barnett M, Palmer P, Medeiros D, Maloney EM, Blattner WA (1997) Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I associated with prolonged breast-feeding. J Hum Virol 1:37–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hino S, Katamine S, Kawase K, Miyamoto T, Doi H, Tsuji Y, Yamabe T (1994) Intervention of maternal transmission of HTLV-1 in Nagasaki, Japan. Leukemia 8(Suppl 1):S68–S70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kashiwagi K, Furusyo N, Nakashima H, Kubo N, Kinukawa N, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J (2004) A decrease in mother-to-child transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in Okinawa, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70:158–163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Bittencourt AL, Dourado I, Filho PB, Santos M, Valadao E, Alcantara LC, Galvao-Castro B (2001) Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection among pregnant women in northeastern Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 26:490–494

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Caterino-de-Araujo A, de los Santos-Fortuna E (1999) No evidence of vertical transmission of HTLV-I and HTLV-II in children at high risk for HIV-1 infection from Sao Paulo, Brazil. J Trop Pediatr 45:42–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kinoshita K, Yamanouchi K, Ikeda S, Momita S, Amagasaki T, Soda H, Ichimaru M, Moriuchi R, Katamine S, Miyamoto T et al (1985) Oral infection of a common marmoset with human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) by inoculating fresh human milk of HTLV-I carrier mothers. Jpn J Cancer Res 76:1147–1153

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Miller GJ, Lewis LL, Colman SM, Cooper JA, Lloyd G, Scollen N, Jones N, Tedder RS, Greaves MF (1994) Clustering of human T lymphotropic virus type I seropositive in Montserrat, West Indies: evidence for an environmental factor in transmission of the virus. J Infect Dis 170:44–50

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Yoshida M, Miyoshi I, Hinuma Y (1982) Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:2031–2035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Rodgers-Johnson P, Gajdusek DC, Morgan OS, Zaninovic V, Sarin PS, Graham DS (1985) HTLV-I and HTLV-III antibodies and tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2:1247–1248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Osame M, Usuku K, Izumo S, Ijichi N, Amitani H, Igata A, Matsumoto M, Tara M (1986) HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity. Lancet 1:1031–1032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Verastegui E, Ortega V, Soler C, Lazo de la Vega S, Ocadiz R, Meneses A, Reynoso E, Alfaro G (1992) Primary B cell lymphoma of the rectum in a patient coinfected with HIV-1 and HTLV-I. Rev Invest Clin 44:387–392

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Eguchi K, Nakamura T, Mine M, Ida H, Kawakami A, Migita K, Nagasato K, Kurata A, Fukuda T, Nagataki S (1992) HTLV-I associated arthritis: characteristics of an HTLV-I virus infected T cell line from synovial fluid. Ann Rheum Dis 51:673–677

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Eguchi K, Origuchi T, Takashima H, Iwata K, Katamine S, Nagataki S (1996) High seroprevalence of anti-HTLV-I antibody in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 39:463–466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mochizuki M, Yamaguchi K, Takatsuki K, Watanabe T, Mori S, Tajima K (1992) HTLV-I and uveitis. Lancet 339:1110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Nakao K, Ohba N (1993) Clinical features of HTLV-I associated uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 77:274–279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Nakao K, Ohba N, Nakagawa M, Osame M (1999) Clinical course of HTLV-I-associated uveitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 43:404–409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sugimoto M, Nakashima H, Kawano O, Ando M, Araki S (1989) Bronchoalveolar T-lymphocytosis in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Chest 95:708

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Couderc LJ, Caubarrere I, Venet A, Magdeleine J, Jouanelle A, Danon F, Buisson G, Vernant JC (1988) Bronchoalveolar lymphocytosis in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1): clinical, immunologic, and cytologic studies. Ann Intern Med 109:625–628

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Nakada K, Yamaguchi K, Furugen S, Nakasone T, Nakasone K, Oshiro Y, Kohakura M, Hinuma Y, Seiki M, Yoshida M et al (1987) Monoclonal integration of HTLV-I proviral DNA in patients with strongyloidiasis. Int J Cancer 40:145–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Primo JR, Brites C, Oliveira Mde F, Moreno-Carvalho O, Machado M, Bittencourt AL (2005) Infective dermatitis and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in childhood and adolescence. Clin Infect Dis 41:535–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bittencourt AL, Oliveira Mde F, Brites C, Van Weyenbergh J, da Silva Vieira MG, Araujo I (2005) Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-I. Eur J Dermatol 15:26–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Matsuda T, Tomita M, Uchihara JN, Okudaira T, Ohshiro K, Tomoyose T, Ikema T, Masuda M, Saito M, Osame M, Takasu N, Ohta T, Mori N (2005) Human T cell leukemia virus type I-infected patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5704–5710

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sugimoto M, Nakashima H, Watanabe S, Uyama E, Tanaka F, Ando M, Araki S, Kawasaki S (1987) T-lymphocyte alveolitis in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Lancet 2:1220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sabouri AH, Saito M, Usuku K, Bajestan SN, Mahmoudi M, Forughipour M, Sabouri Z, Abbaspour Z, Goharjoo ME, Khayami E, Hasani A, Izumo S, Arimura K, Farid R, Osame M (2005) Differences in viral and host genetic risk factors for development of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis between Iranian and Japanese HTLV-1-infected individuals. J Gen Virol 86:773–781

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Biswas HH, Engstrom JW, Kaidarova Z, Garratty G, Gibble JW, Newman BH, Smith JW, Ziman A, Fridey JL, Sacher RA, Murphy EL (2009) Neurologic abnormalities in HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected individuals without overt myelopathy. Neurology 73:781–789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Murphy EL, Wang B, Sacher RA, Fridey J, Smith JW, Nass CC, Newman B, Ownby HE, Garratty G, Hutching ST, Schreiber GB (2004) Respiratory and urinary tract infections, arthritis, and asthma associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection. Emerg Infect Dis 10:109–116

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Maloney EM, Cleghorn FR, Morgan OS, Rodgers-Johnson P, Cranston B, Jack N, Blattner WA, Bartholomew C, Manns A (1998) Incidence of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in Jamaica and Trinidad. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 17:167–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaplan JE, Osame M, Kubota H, Igata A, Nishitani H, Maeda Y, Khabbaz RF, Janssen RS (1990) The risk of development of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis among persons infected with HTLV-I. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 3:1096–1101

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Bittencourt AL, Sabino EC, Costa MC, Pedroso C, Moreira L (2002) No evidence of vertical transmission of HTLV-I in bottle-fed children. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 44:63–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Berger JR, Svenningsson A, Raffanti S, Resnick L (1991) Tropical spastic paraparesis-like illness occurring in a patient dually infected with HIV-1 and HTLV-II. Neurology 41:85–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Jacobson S, Lehky T, Nishimura M, Robinson S, McFarlin DE, Dhib-Jalbut S (1993) Isolation of HTLV-II from a patient with chronic, progressive neurological disease clinically indistinguishable from HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Ann Neurol 33:392–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Orland JR, Engstrom J, Fridey J, Sacher RA, Smith JW, Nass C, Garratty G, Newman B, Smith D, Wang B, Loughlin K, Murphy EL, Study HO (2003) Prevalence and clinical features of HTLV neurologic disease in the HTLV outcomes study. Neurology 61:1588–1594

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Hjelle B, Mills R, Swenson S, Mertz G, Key C, Allen S (1991) Incidence of hairy cell leukemia, mycosis fungoides, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in first known HTLV-II-endemic population. J Infect Dis 163:435–440

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Robert-Guroff M, Miyoshi I, Golde D, Gallo RC (1982) A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. Science 218:571–573

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Poiesz B, Dube D, Dube S, Love J, Papsidero L, Uner A, Hutchinson R (2000) HTLV-II-associated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in a patient with HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 342:930–936

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Zucker-Franklin D, Hooper WC, Evatt BL (1992) Human lymphotropic retroviruses associated with mycosis fungoides: evidence that human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) as well as HTLV-I may play a role in the disease. Blood 80:1537–1545

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Orland JR, Wang B, Wright DJ, Nass CC, Garratty G, Smith JW, Newman B, Smith DM, Murphy EL, Investigators H (2004) Increased mortality associated with HTLV-II infection in blood donors: a prospective cohort study. Retrovirology 1:4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Biswas HH, Kaidarova Z, Garratty G, Gibble JW, Newman BH, Smith JW, Ziman A, Fridey JL, Sacher RA, Murphy EL, for the HOS (2010) Increased All-Cause and Cancer Mortality in HTLV-II Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (In press)

  90. Thorstensson R, Albert J, Andersson S (2002) Strategies for diagnosis of HTLV-I and -II. Transfusion 42:780–791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Gallo D, Hoffman MN, Cossen CK, Diggs JL, Hurst JW, Penning LM (1988) Comparison of immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot (immunoblot) methods for detection of antibody to human T-cell leukemia virus type I. J Clin Microbiol 26:1487–1491

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Sabino EC, Zrein M, Taborda CP, Otani MM, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos G, Saez-Alquezar A (1999) Evaluation of the INNO-LIA HTLV I/II assay for confirmation of human T-cell leukemia virus-reactive sera in blood bank donations. J Clin Microbiol 37:1324–1328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Mangano AM, Remesar M, del Pozo A, Sen L (2004) Human T lymphotropic virus types I and II proviral sequences in Argentinian blood donors with indeterminate western blot patterns. J Med Virol 74:323–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Vandamme AM, Van Laethem K, Liu HF, Van Brussel M, Delaporte E, de Castro Costa CM, Fleischer C, Taylor G, Bertazzoni U, Desmyter J, Goubau P (1997) Use of a generic polymerase chain reaction assay detecting human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I, II and divergent simian strains in the evaluation of individuals with indeterminate HTLV serology. J Med Virol 52:1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Dehee A, Cesaire R, Desire N, Lezin A, Bourdonne O, Bera O, Plumelle Y, Smadja D, Nicolas JC (2002) Quantitation of HTLV-I proviral load by a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. J Virol Methods 102:37–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Lee TH, Chafets DM, Busch MP, Murphy EL (2004) Quantitation of HTLV-I and II proviral load using real-time quantitative PCR with SYBR green chemistry. J Clin Virol 31:275–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Kamihira S, Dateki N, Sugahara K, Hayashi T, Harasawa H, Minami S, Hirakata Y, Yamada Y (2003) Significance of HTLV-1 proviral load quantification by real-time PCR as a surrogate marker for HTLV-1-infected cell count. Clin Lab Haematol 25:111–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Olindo S, Lezin A, Cabre P, Merle H, Saint-Vil M, Edimonana Kaptue M, Signate A, Cesaire R, Smadja D (2005) HTLV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells quantified in 100 HAM/TSP patients: a marker of disease progression. J Neurol Sci 237:53–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Iwanaga M, Watanabe T, Utsunomiya A, Okayama A, Uchimaru K, Koh KR, Ogata M, Kikuchi H, Sagara Y, Uozumi K, Mochizuki M, Tsukasaki K, Saburi Y, Yamamura M, Tanaka J, Moriuchi Y, Hino S, Kamihira S, Yamaguchi K (2010) Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) proviral load and disease progression in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers: a nationwide prospective study in Japan. Blood (In press)

  100. Trujillo L, Munoz D, Gotuzzo E, Yi A, Watts DM (1999) Sexual practices, prevalence of HIV, HTLV-I/II, and Treponema pallidum among clandestine female sex workers in Lima, Peru. Sex Transm Dis 26:115–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest statement

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany

    Ioannis Mylonas, Ansgar Brüning, Franz Kainer & Klaus Friese

Authors
  1. Ioannis Mylonas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ansgar Brüning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Franz Kainer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Klaus Friese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ioannis Mylonas.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mylonas, I., Brüning, A., Kainer, F. et al. HTLV infection and its implication in gynaecology and obstetrics. Arch Gynecol Obstet 282, 493–501 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-010-1559-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-010-1559-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation