Abstract
Over the years, techniques for the study of human movement have ranged in complexity and precision from direct observation of the subject through activity diaries, questionnaires, and recordings of body movement, to the measurement of physiological responses, studies of metabolism and indirect and direct calorimetry. This article reviews developments in each of these domains. Particular reference is made to their impact upon the continuing search for valid field estimates of activity patterns and energy expenditures, as required by the applied physiologist, ergonomist, sports scientist, nutritionist and epidemiologist. Early observers sought to improve productivity in demanding employment. Direct observation and filming of workers were supplemented by monitoring of heart rates, ventilation and oxygen consumption. Such methods still find application in ergonomics and sport, but many investigators are now interested in relationships between habitual physical activity and chronic disease. Even sophisticated questionnaires still do not provide valid information on the absolute energy expenditures associated with good health. Emphasis has thus shifted to use of sophisticated pedometer/accelerometers, sometimes combining their output with GPS and other data. Some modern pedometer/accelerometers perform well in the laboratory, but show substantial systematic errors relative to laboratory reference criteria such as the metabolism of doubly labeled water when assessing the varied activities of daily life. The challenge remains to develop activity monitors that are sufficiently inexpensive for field use, yet meet required accuracy standards. Possibly, measurements of oxygen consumption by portable respirometers may soon satisfy part of this need, although a need for valid longer term monitoring will remain.
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Notes
Web-sites providing photographs of investigators and apparatus are listed in the "Appendix".
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Communicated by Nigel A. S. Taylor.
Appendix
Appendix
Web-linkages offering photographs of key investigators and pieces of equipment (all accessed 12 October, 2011).
Key investigators
Wilbur Atwater: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Olin_Atwater
Sir Joseph Barcroft: http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/223512/view
Leonardo da Vinci: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
Eugene DuBois: http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/edubois.pdf
Frank Bunker Gilbreth: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth,_Sr.
John Scott Haldane: http://www.rsc.org/…/HaldanesBloodGasAnalyser.asp
Felix Hoppe-Seyler: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler
James Joule: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule
William Kannel: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/health/23kannel.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss
August Krogh: http://www.nobelprize.org/…/1920/krogh-bio.html
Antoine Lavoisier: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier
Johannes Lindhard: A-L Perrelet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham-Louis_Perrelet
Brian Lloyd: www.brookes.ac.uk/alumni_card/lloyd-memorial-service-nov-13.pdf
Graham Lusk: http://www.asbmb.org/uploadedfiles/aboutus/asbmb_history/past_presidents/1910s/1914Lusk.html
Jeremy Morris: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/medicine-obituaries/6488393/Professor-Jeremy-Morris.html
Ralph Paffenbarger: http://www.epidemiologic.org/2007/09/obituary-of-epidemiology-legend-ralph-s.html
Max von Pettenkofer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Joseph_von_Pettenkofer
Victor Regnault: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault
Max Rubner: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rubner
Edward Smith: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith_(physician)
Nathan Zuntz: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123747402
Equipment
CosMed oxygen consumption monitor: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtMPEPIk5Mw
Douglas bag: http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/douglasbag.jpg
Holter monitor: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holter_monitor
Ice-calorimeter: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimetry
Odometer (Vitrivius): http://en.history-of-physics.com/antike/griechenland_hodometer.htm
Pedometer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedometer
Pulse monitor: http://www.cosycommunications.com/Digitalpulsemonitorcatalogue.htm
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Shephard, R.J., Aoyagi, Y. Measurement of human energy expenditure, with particular reference to field studies: an historical perspective. Eur J Appl Physiol 112, 2785–2815 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2268-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2268-6