Abstract
Purpose
Sleep duration is known to affect physiological and circadian metabolites and human homeostasis. However, little is known about the relationship between sleep quality and metabolite and cognitive function during exercise. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of sleep quality on metabolite level and cognitive function in female volleyball athletes.
Methods
Twelve female volleyball athletes participated in this study. Sleep efficiency was measured for 1 week using NemuriSCAN (Paramount Bed Co. Ltd., Japan) as an index of sleep quality. The subjects were divided into better (n = 6) and lesser (n = 6) sleep quality groups by the median value of sleep efficiency. Saliva samples were collected using a Salimetric oral swab cotton and salivary metabolites were analysed using capillary electrophoresis and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The subjects performed Stroop tasks (simple and difficult tasks) at rest and during aerobic exercise in recumbent cycle ergometer at light and heavy intensity.
Results
Increased sleep efficiency was found in the better sleep quality group, whereas total sleep time was similar. There were differences in urea cycle and Krebs cycle metabolites between the two groups; their levels were correlated with sleep efficiency. The difficult-task response time during heavy exercise was faster in the better sleep quality group.
Conclusion
We demonstrated that sleep efficiency was associated with urea cycle and Krebs cycle metabolite levels and response time during heavy exercise in volleyball athletes. These results suggested that sleep quality may affect amino acid and energy metabolism and cognitive function during heavy exercise.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CE-TOFMS:
-
Capillary electrophoresis and time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- HRR:
-
Heart rate reserve
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
References
Akazawa N, Hamasaki A, Tanahashi K, Kosaki K, Yoshikawa T, Myoenzono K, Maeda S (2018) Lactotripeptide ingestion increases cerebral blood flow velocity in middle-aged and older adults. Nutr Res 53:61–66
Axelsson J, Kecklund G, Akerstedt T, Donofrio P, Lekander M, Ingre M (2008) Sleepiness and performance in response to repeated sleep restriction and subsequent recovery during semi-laboratory conditions. Chronobiol Int 25:297–308
Bahri S, Curis E, El Wafi FZ, Aussel C, Chaumeli JC, Cynober L, Zerrouk N (2008) Mechanisms and kinetics of citrulline uptake in a model of human intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Nutr 27:872–880
Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Lord T, Vanhatalo A, Winyard PG, Jones AM (2015) l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans. J Appl Physiol 119:385–395
Bak LK, Schousboe A, Waagepetersen HS (2006) The glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle: aspects of transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis and ammonia transfer. J Neurochem 98:641–653
Benedict C, Hallschmid M, Lassen A, Mahnke C, Schultes B, Schiöth HB, Bom J, Lage T (2011) Acute sleep deprivation reduces energy expenditure in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 93:1229–1236
Berton R, Conceição MS, Libardi CA, Canevarolo RR, Gaspari AF, Chacon-Mikahik MP, Zeri AC, Cavaglieri CR (2017) Metabolic time-course response after resistance exercise: a metabolomics approach. J Sports Sci 35:1211–1218
Borg G (1970) Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med 2:92–98
Bosoi CR, Rose CF (2009) Identifying the direct effects of ammonia on the brain. Metab Brain Dis 24:95–102
Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL (2012) The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain Res 1453:87–101
Chiu CN, Chen CY, Muggleton NG (2017) Sport, time pressure, and cognitive performance. Prog Brain Res 234:85–99
Davies SK, Ang JE, Revell VL, Holmes B, Mann A, Robertson FP, Cui N, Middleton B, Ackermann K, Kayser M, Thumser AE, Raynaud FI, Skene DJ (2014) Effect of sleep deprivation on the human metabolome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:10761–10766
Drapeau C, Hamel-Hébert I, Robillard R, Selmaoui B, Filipini D, Carrier J (2006) Challenging sleep in aging: the effects of 200 mg of caffeine during the evening in young and middle-aged moderate caffeine consumers. J Sleep Res 15:133–141
Figueroa A, Alvarez-Alvarado S, Ormsbee MJ, Madzima TA, Campbell JC, Wong A (2015) Impact of l-citrulline supplementation and whole-body vibration training on arterial stiffness and leg muscle function in obese postmenopausal women with high blood pressure. Exp Gerontol 63:35–40
Fullagar HH, Skorski S, Duffield R, Hammes D, Coutts AJ, Meyer T (2015) Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Med 45:161–186
Glade MJ (2010) Caffeine—not just a stimulant. Nutrition 26:932–938
Heaney LM, Deighton K, Suzuki T (2019) Non-targeted metabolomics in sport and exercise science. J Sports Sci 37:959–967
Huang Z, Davis HH, Yue Q, Wiebking C, Duncan NW, Zhang J, Wagner NF, Wolff A, Northoss G (2015) Increase in glutamate/glutamine concentration in the medial prefrontal cortex during mental imagery: a combined functional MRS and fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 36:3204–3212
Hursel R, Rutters F, Gonnissen HK, Martens EA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (2011) Effects of sleep fragmentation in healthy men on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, physical activity, and exhaustion measured over 48 h in a respiratory chamber. Am J Clin Nutr 94:804–808
Jarraya S, Jarraya M, Chtourou H, Souissi N (2014) Effect of time of day and partial sleep deprivation on the reaction time and the attentional capacities of the handball goalkeeper. Biol Rhythm Res 45:183–191
Kant AK, Graubard BI (2014) Association of self-reported sleep duration with eating behaviors of American adults: NHANES 2005–2010. Am J Clin Nutr 100:938–947
Kayaba M, Park I, Iwayama K, Seya Y, Ogata H, Yajima K, Satoh M, Tokuyama K (2017) Energy metabolism differs between sleep stages and begins to increase prior to awakening. Metabolism 69:14–23
Kogure T, Shirakawa S, Shimokawa M, Hosokawa Y (2011) Automatic sleep/wake scoring from body motion in bed: validation of a newly developed sensor placed under a mattress. J Physiol Anthropol 30:103–109
Kurata K, Nagasawa M, Tomonaga S, Aoki M, Akiduki S, Morishita K, Denbow DM, Furuse M (2012) Orally administered l-ornithine reduces restraint stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Neurosci Lett 506:287–291
Leeder J, Glaister M, Pizzoferro K, Dawson J, Pedlar C (2012) Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using wristwatch actigraphy. J Sports Sci 30:541–545
Levine J, Barak Y, Gonzalves M, Szor H, Elizur A, Kofman O, Beimaker RF (1995) Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 152:792–794
Lucas SJ, Ainslie PN, Murrell CJ, Thomas KN, Franz EA, Cotter JD (2012) Effect of age on exercise-induced alterations in cognitive executive function: relationship to cerebral perfusion. Exp Gerontol 47:541–551
Mah CD, Mah KE, Kezirian EJ, Dement WC (2011) The effect of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep 34(7):943–950
Mann DT, Williams AM, Ward P, Janelle CM (2007) Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: a meta-analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol 29:457–478
Miyake M, Kirisako T, Kokubo T, Miura Y, Morishita K, Okamura H, Tsuda A (2014) Randomised controlled trial of the effects of l-ornithine on stress markers and sleep quality in healthy workers. Nutr J 13:53
Nakamura Y, Choi Y, Akazawa N, Park I, Kawana F, Satoh M, Tokuyama K, Maeda S (2019) Effect of bright-light exposure before sleep on human urine metabolite. J Phys Fit Sport Med 8:89–96
Ra SG, Maeda S, Higashino R, Imai T, Miyakawa S (2014) Metabolomics of salivary fatigue markers in soccer players after consecutive games. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 39:1120–1126
Reilly T, Piercy M (1994) The effect of partial sleep deprivation on weight-lifting performance. Ergonomics 37:107–115
Romero MJ, Platt DH, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW (2006) Therapeutic use of citrulline in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 24(3–4):275–290
Sanchez-Ortuno M, Moore N, Taillard J, Valtat C, Leger D, Bioulac B, Philip P (2005) Sleep duration and caffeine consumption in a French middle-aged working population. Sleep Med 6:247–251
Santone C, Dinallo V, Paci M, D’Ottavio Barbato G, Bernardini S (2014) Saliva metabolomics by NMR for the evaluation of sport performance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 88:441–446
Soga T, Ueno Y, Naraoka H, Ohashi Y, Tomita M, Nishioka T (2002) Simultaneous determination of anionic intermediates for Bacillus subtilis metabolic pathways by capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 74:2233–2239
Spielmann N, Wong DT (2011) Saliva: diagnostics and therapeutic perspectives. Oral Dis 17:345–354
Taheri M, Arabameri E (2012) The effect of sleep deprivation on choice reaction time and anaerobic power of college student athletes. Asian J Sports Med 3:15–20
Takeda I, Stretch C, Barnaby P, Bhatnager K, Rankin K, Fu H, Weljie A, Jha N, Slupsky C (2009) Understanding the human salivary metabolome. NMR Biomed 22:577–584
Thun E, Bjorvatn B, Flo E, Harris A, Pallesen S (2015) Sleep, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. Sleep Med Rev 23:1–9
Tsukamoto H, Takenaka S, Suga T, Tanaka D, Takeuchi T, Hamaoka T, Isaka T, Hashimoto T (2017) Effect of exercise intensity and duration on postexercise executive function. Med Sci Sport Exerc 49:774–784
van der Lee SJ, Teunissen CE, Pool R, Shipley MJ, Teumer A, Chouraki V, Melo van Lent D, Tynkkynen J, Fischer K, Hernesniemi J, Haller T, Singh-Manoux A, Verhoeven A, Willemsen G, de Leeuw FA, Wagner H, van Dongen J, Hertel J, Budde K, Willems van Dijk K, Weinhold L, Ikram MA, Pietzner M, Perola M, Wagner M, Friedrich N, Slagboom PE, Scheltens P, Yang Q, Gertzen RE, Egert S, Li S, Hankemeier T, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Vasan RS, Maier W, Peeters CFW, Jörgen Grabe H, Ramirez A, Seshadri S, Metspalu A, Kivimäki M, Salomaa V, Demirkan A, Boomsma DI, van der Flier WM, Amin N, van Duijn CM (2018) Circulating metabolites and general cognitive ability and dementia: evidence from 11 cohort studies. Alzheimers Dement 14:707–722
Walsh JK, Muehlbach MJ, Humm TM, Dickins QS, Sugerman JL, Schweitzer PK (1990) Effect of caffeine on physiological sleep tendency and ability to sustain wakefulness at night. Psychopharmacology 101:271–273
Watson EJ, Coates AM, Kohler M, Banks S (2016) Caffeine consumption and sleep quality in Australian adults. Nutrients 8:479
Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, O'Donnell J, Christensen DJ, Nicholson C, Iliff JJ, Takano T, Deane R, Nedergaard M (2013) Sleep derives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science 8(342):353–357
Yabuki Y, Shioda N, Yamamoto Y, Shigano M, Kumagai K, Morita M, Fukunaga K (2013) Oral l-citrulline administration improves memory deficits following transient brain ischemia through cerebrovascular protection. Brain Res 1520:157–167
Yamano E, Sugimoto M, Hirayama A, Kume S, Yamato M, Jin G, Tajima S, Goda N, Iwai K, Yamaguti K, Kuratsune H, Soga T, Watanabe Y, Kataoka Y (2016) Index markers of chronic fatigue syndrome with dysfunction of TCA and urea cycles. Sci Rep 6:34990
Zaccagni L, Onisto N, Gualdi-Russo E (2009) Biological characteristics and ageing in former elite volleyball players. J Sci Med Sport 12:667–672
Zhang A, Sun H, Wang X (2012) Saliva metabolomics opens door to biomarker discovery, disease diagnosis, and treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 168:1718–1727
Funding
This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI, Grant Number 26282181.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
NA and SM conceived and designed research. NA and NK conducted experiments. NA, NK, YN, HK, and YC collected and analyzed data. NA wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Communicated by Philip D. Chilibeck.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akazawa, N., Kobayashi, N., Nakamura, Y. et al. Effect of sleep efficiency on salivary metabolite profile and cognitive function during exercise in volleyball athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 119, 2215–2223 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04205-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04205-7