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Structure and dynamics of photoreceptor sensory cilia

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Abstract

The rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina have highly specialized structures that enable them to carry out their function of light detection over a broad range of illumination intensities with optimized spatial and temporal resolution. Most prominent are their unusually large sensory cilia, consisting of outer segments packed with photosensitive disc membranes, a connecting cilium with many features reminiscent of the primary cilium transition zone, and a pair of centrioles forming a basal body which serves as the platform upon which the ciliary axoneme is assembled. These structures form a highway through which an enormous flux of material moves on a daily basis to sustain the continual turnover of outer segment discs and the energetic demands of phototransduction. After decades of study, the details of the fine structure and distribution of molecular components of these structures are still incompletely understood, but recent advances in cellular imaging techniques and animal models of inherited ciliary defects are yielding important new insights. This knowledge informs our understanding both of the mechanisms of trafficking and assembly and of the pathophysiological mechanisms of human blinding ciliopathies.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reproduced from ref. [211]

Fig. 3

Reproduced from ref. 18

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Abbreviations

IS:

Inner segment

OS:

Outer segment

ONL:

Outer nuclear layer

OPL:

Outer plexiform layer

CC:

Connecting cilium

BB:

Basal body

TZ:

Transition zone

PCM:

Pericentriolar material

DC:

Daughter centriole

MC:

Mother centriole

DAM:

Distal appendage material

CP:

Ciliary pocket

DAP:

Distal appendage

sDAP:

Subdistal appendage

PCV:

Primary ciliary vesicle

TF:

Transition fibers

IFT:

Intraflegellar transport

MT:

Microtubule

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Funding

This study is funded by the National Eye Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (R01-EY026545, R01-EY031949, F32-EY027171, F31-EY028025, T32-EY007102), the Knights Templar Eye Foundation, and the Robert A. Welch Foundation (Q0035).

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  1. Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Theodore G. Wensel & Valencia L. Potter

  2. Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Valencia L. Potter

  3. Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Abigail Moye & Zhixian Zhang

  4. Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Michael A. Robichaux

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  1. Theodore G. Wensel
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Correspondence to Theodore G. Wensel.

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Wensel, T.G., Potter, V.L., Moye, A. et al. Structure and dynamics of photoreceptor sensory cilia. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 473, 1517–1537 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02564-9

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