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Chalcone synthases (CHSs): the symbolic type III polyketide synthases

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Abstract

Main conclusion

Present review provides a thorough insight on some significant aspects of CHSs over a period of about past three decades with a better outlook for future studies toward comprehending the structural and mechanistic intricacy of this symbolic enzyme.

Abstract

Polyketide synthases (PKSs) form a large family of iteratively acting multifunctional proteins that are involved in the biosynthesis of spectrum of natural products. They exhibit remarkable versatility in the structural configuration and functional organization with an incredible ability to generate different classes of compounds other than the characteristic secondary metabolite constituents. Architecturally, chalcone synthase (CHS) is considered to be the simplest representative of Type III PKSs. The enzyme is pivotal for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and is also well known for catalyzing the initial step of the flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway. Being the first Type III enzyme to be discovered, CHS has been subjected to ample investigations which, to a greater extent, have tried to understand its structural complexity and promiscuous functional behavior. In this context, we vehemently tried to collect the fragmented information entirely focussed on this symbolic enzyme from about past three–four decades. The aim of this review is to selectively summarize data on some of the fundamental aspects of CHSs viz, its history and distribution, localization, structure and analogs in non-plant hosts, promoter analyses, and role in defense, with an emphasis on mechanistic studies in different species and vis-à-vis mutation-led changes, and evolutionary significance which has been discussed in detail. The present review gives an insight with a better perspective for the scientific community for future studies devoted towards delimiting the mechanistic and structural basis of polyketide biosynthetic machinery vis-à-vis CHS.

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Acknowledgements

Work in the SAP laboratory is supported by Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, under the INSPIRE Faculty Scheme [DST/INSPIRE/04/2016/001059]. Four anonymous reviewers are acknowledged for their critical reviews and helpful comments that improved the overall quality of the article. Head, Department of Botany is also acknowledged for providing necessary facilities otherwise required for project implementation. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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  1. Salika Ramazan and Mohd Ishfaq Khan have contributed equally.

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  1. Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India

    Shahzad A. Pandith, Salika Ramazan, Mohd Ishfaq Khan, Zafar A. Reshi & Manzoor A. Shah

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Pandith, S.A., Ramazan, S., Khan, M.I. et al. Chalcone synthases (CHSs): the symbolic type III polyketide synthases. Planta 251, 15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03307-y

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