Abstract
Extracellular trap (ET) formation has been demonstrated as an important novel effector mechanism of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages acting extracellularly against pathogens. In the present study, we show that tachyzoites of the emerging apicomplexan parasite Besnoitia besnoiti, that have recently been reported as potent inducers of PMN-derived ETosis, also trigger the release of ETs in an additional cell type, namely in monocytes. Fluorescence illustrations as well as scanning electron microscopy analyses (SEM) showed monocyte-promoted ET formation to be rapidly induced upon exposure to viable tachyzoites of B. besnoiti. Classical characteristics of ETs were confirmed by the co-localization of extracellular DNA with histones (H3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO) in parasite-entrapping structures. Monocyte-derived ETs were efficiently abolished by DNase I treatment and significantly reduced by treatments with inhibitors of MPO and NADPH oxidase, thus strengthening the key roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MPO in monocyte ET formation. For comparative reasons, we additionally tested sporozoite stages of the closely related parasite Eimeria bovis for their capacity to induce monocyte-derived ETs and showed that these stages indeed induce ETs. To our best knowledge, we here report for the first time on monocyte ETs against the apicomplexan parasites B. besnoiti and E. bovis. Our results indicate that monocyte-triggered ETs may represent an important effector mechanism of the host early innate immune response against B. besnoiti and add a new cell type to the list of cells capable to release ETs.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge Brigitte Hofmann, Davinia Pérez and Klaus Becker for their excellent work in cell culture, parasite preparation and monocyte isolation as well as the collection of blood samples. We extend further our thanks to Gerd Magdowski, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, for his excellent contribution in scanning electron microscopy analyses. TMC is a PhD student of the International Giessen Graduate Centre for Life Sciences (GGL) at the JLU Giessen, Germany, and LMRS is a PhD student (grant BD 72032/2010) of the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT; Portugal).
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Muñoz-Caro, T., Silva, L.M.R., Ritter, C. et al. Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites induce monocyte extracellular trap formation. Parasitol Res 113, 4189–4197 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4094-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4094-3