Abstract
Population size and structure, as well as individual growth rates, condition, and reproductive output, respond to environmental factors, particularly in short-lived and fast-growing squid species. We need to understand the mechanisms through which populations respond to environmental conditions, to predict when or if established relationships, used as management tools to forecast recruitment strength, might break down completely. Identifying characteristics of successful recruits who have grown under different environmental scenarios may improve our understanding of the mechanistic connections between environmental conditions and the temporal variation in life history characteristics that ultimately affect recruitment. This 5-year study sought to determine the association between key life history characteristics of southern calamary Sepioteuthis australis (growth rate, body size, and patterns of repro-somatic energy allocation) and the environmental conditions experienced by individuals on the east coast of Tasmania, Australia. Among years, all population and individual parameters examined were highly variable, despite the environmental regime during the study not encompassing the extremes that may occur in this dynamic region. Temperature was not clearly associated with any of the individual or population differences observed. Populations of apparently similar abundance were composed of individuals with strikingly different biological characteristics, therefore seeking relationships between abundance and environmental parameters at gross levels did not shed light on the mechanisms responsible for population size. Importantly, inter-annual differences in squid size, condition, reproductive investment, and possibly growth rate, were sex-specific, indicating that males and females responded differently to similar factors. Among years differences in body size were extreme, both among the male component of the population and between genders. The relative importance of many size-based processes that contribute to population size and structure (e.g. predation, starvation, competition, and reproductive success) will therefore vary inter-annually.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the large number of volunteers and Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute staff who contributed to the fieldwork involved in this research, in particular Mike Steer, Simon Wilcox, and Graeme Ewing. George Jackson provided support for the earlier years of study and aged some of the individuals. Thank you to Malcolm Haddon, Jeremy Lyle, Robert Wakeford and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive input, and to the Tasmanian calamary fishers for freely providing access to their catch. This study was funded by a number of organisations including the Fisheries Research Development Corporation (grant 2000/121 awarded to N. A. M.), Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries Water and Environment, and James Cook University of Queensland. The first 2 years of the study were conducted whilst G. P. was supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award.
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An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1619-y
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Pecl, G.T., Moltschaniwskyj, N.A., Tracey, S.R. et al. Inter-annual plasticity of squid life history and population structure: ecological and management implications. Oecologia 139, 515–524 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1537-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1537-z