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The oxidative protein folding machinery in plant cells

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Abstract

Formation of intra-molecular disulfides and concomitant oxidative protein folding is essential for stability and catalytic function of many soluble and membrane-bound proteins in the endomembrane system, the mitochondrial inter-membrane space and the thylakoid lumen. Disulfide generation from free cysteines in nascent polypeptide chains is generally a catalysed process for which distinct pathways exist in all compartments. A high degree of similarities between highly diverse eukaryotic and bacterial systems for generation of protein disulfides indicates functional conservation of key processes throughout evolution. However, while many aspects about molecular function of enzymatic systems promoting disulfide formation have been demonstrated for bacterial and non-plant eukaryotic organisms, it is now clear that the plant machinery for oxidative protein folding displays distinct details, suggesting that the different pathways have been adapted to plant-specific requirements in terms of compartmentation, molecular function and regulation. Here, we aim to evaluate biological diversity by comparing the plant systems for oxidative protein folding to the respective systems from non-plant eukaryotes.

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Abbreviations

CCS1:

Chaperone for copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1

CSD1:

Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1

E GSH :

Glutathione redox potential

ERO:

Endoplasmic reticulum thiol oxidase

ERV:

Essential for respiration and viability

FAD:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GSSG:

Glutathione disulfide

IMS:

Inter-membrane space

LRR:

Leucine-rich repeat

MIA40:

Mitochondrial IMS import and assembly pathway 40 kDa

PDI:

Protein disulfide isomerase

PRX:

Peroxiredoxin

QSOX:

Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase

RALF:

Rapid alkalinisation factor

TMD:

Transmembrane domain

UPR:

Unfolded protein response

VKOR:

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

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  1. INRES—Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany

    Isabel Aller & Andreas J. Meyer

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  1. Isabel Aller
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Aller, I., Meyer, A.J. The oxidative protein folding machinery in plant cells. Protoplasma 250, 799–816 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-012-0463-x

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