Abstract
The recycling of waste plastics is important for the prevention of the exhaustion of fossil resources. In this paper, recycling techniques of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) using supercritical and subcritical fluids were reviewed. The matrix resin of CFRP such as epoxy resin or resol resin was decomposed by supercritical and subcritical fluids, and the carbon fiber without thermal damage was recovered from CFRP. Mainly, water or alcohol was used as decomposition medium.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Morin C, Loppinet-Serani A, Cansell F, Aymonier C (2012) Near- and supercritical solvolysis of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs) for recycling carbon fibers as a valuable resource: state of the art. J Supercrit Fluids 66:232–240
Goto M (2009) Chemical recycling of plastics using sub- and supercritical fluids. J Supercrit Fluids 47:500–507
Okajima I, Sako T (2014) Chapter 13—energy conversion of biomass and recycling of waste plastics using supercritical fluid, subcritical fluid and high-pressure superheated steam. In: Anikeev V, Fan M (eds) supercritical fluid technology for energy and environmental applications. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 249–267
Meng L, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Shibata M, Yosomiya R (2004) Studies on the decomposition behavior of nylon-66 in supercritical water. Polym Degrad Stab 83:389–393
Kwak H, Shin HY, Bae SY, Kumazawa H (2006) Characteristics and kinetics of degradation of polystyrene in supercritical water. J Appl Polym Sci 101:695–700
Fang Z, Smith RL Jr, Inomata H, Arai K (2000) Phase behavior and reaction of polyethylene in supercritical water at pressures up to 2.6 GPa and temperatures up to 670° C. J Supercrit Fluids 16:207–216
Gao J, Jin Z, Pan Z (2012) Depolymerization of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) in hot compressed water at 240–320° C. Polym Degrad Stab 97:1838–1843
Sato O, Arai K, Shirai M (2006) Hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene 2, 6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) using water at high temperature: effect of proton on low ethylene glycol yield. Catal Today 111:297–301
Iwaya T, Sasaki M, Goto M (2006) Kinetic analysis for hydrothermal depolymerization of nylon 6. Polym Degrad Stab 91:1989–1995
Onwudili JA, Williams PT (2009) Degradation of brominated flame-retarded plastics (Br-ABS and Br-HIPS) in supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 49:356–368
Oliveux G, Bailleul JL, Le Gal La Salle E (2012) Chemical recycling of glass fibre reinforced composites using subcritical water. Compos Part A 43:1809–1818
Sugeta T, Nagaoka S, Otake K, Sako T (2001) Decomposition of fiber reinforced plastics using fluid at high temperature and pressure (in Japanese). Kobunshi Ronbunshu 58:557–563
Piñero-Hernanz R, Dodds C, Hyde J, García-Serna J, Poliakoff M, Lester E, Cocero MJ, Kingman S, Pickering S, Wong KH (2008) Chemical recycling of carbon fibre reinforced composites in nearcritical and supercritical water. Compos A 39:454–461
Yuyan L, Guohua S, Linghui M (2009) Recycling of carbon fibre reinforced composites using water in subcritical conditions. Mater Sci Eng A 520:179–183
Bai Y, Wang Z, Feng L (2010) Chemical recycling of carbon fibers reinforced epoxy resin composites in oxygen in supercritical water. Mater Design 31:999–1002
Liu Y, Liu J, Jiang Z, Tang T (2012) Chemical recycling of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resin composites in subcritical water: synergistic effect of phenol and KOH on the decomposition efficiency. Polym Degrd Stab 97:214–220
Prinçaud M, Aymonier C, Loppinet-Serani A, Perry N, Sonnemann G (2014) Environmental feasibility of the recycling of carbon fibers from CFRPs by solvolysis using supercritical water. Sust Chem Eng 2:1498–1502
Okajima I, Yamada K, Sugeta T, Sako T (2002) Decomposition of epoxy resin and recycling of CFRP with sub- and supercritical water (in Japanese). Kagakukogakuronbunshu 28:553–558
Okajima I, Hiramatsu M, Sako T (2011) Recycling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics using subcritical water. Adv Mater Res 222:243–246
Sako T, Okajima I, Sugeta T, Otake K, Yoda S, Takebayashi Y, Kamizawa C (2000) Recovery of constituent monomers from polyethylene terephthalate with supercritical methanol. Polym J 32:178–181
Genta M, Goto M, Sasaki M (2010) Heterogeneous continuous kinetics modeling of PET depolymerization in supercritical methanol. J Supercrit Fluids 52:266–275
Sako T, Sugeta T, Otake K, Yoda S, Takebayashi Y, Okajima I, Kamizawa C (1999) Decomposition of polyethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate to constituent monomers using supercritical methanol. Polym J 31:714–716
Piñero-Hernanz R, García-Serna J, Cocero MJ (2006) Nonstationary model of the semicontinuous depolymerization of polycarbonate. AIChE J 52:4186–4199
Jie H, Ke H, Qing Z, Lei C, Yongqiang W, Zibin Z (2006) Study on depolymerization of polycarbonate in supercritical ethanol. Polym Degrd Stab 91:2307–2314
Asahi N, Sakai K, Kumagai N, Nakanishi T, Hata K, Katoh S, Moriyoshi T (2004) Methanolysis investigation of commercially available polyurethane foam. Polym Degrd Stab 86:147–151
Okajima I, Katsuzaki A, Goto T, Yamazaki T, Sako T (2010) Decomposition of silane-crosslinked polyethylene with supercritical alcohol. J Chem Eng Jpn 43:231–237
Goto T, Ashihara S, Kato M, Okajima I, Sako T (2012) Use of single-screw extruder for continuous silane cross-linkedpolyethylene recycling process using supercritical alcohol. Ind Eng Chem Res 51:6967–6971
Kamimura A, Yamada K, Kuratani T, Taguchi Y, Tomonaga F (2006) Effective depolymerization waste FRPs by treatment with DMAP and supercritical alcohol. Chem Lett 35:586–587
Iwaya T, Tokuno S, Sasaki M, Goto M, Shibata K (2008) Recycling of fiber reinforced plastics using depolymerization by solvothermal reaction with catalyst. J Mater Sci 43:2452–2456
Hyde JR, Lester E, Kingman S, Pickering S, Wong KH (2006) Supercritical propanol, a possible route to composite carbon fibre recovery: a viability study, Comps. Part A 37:2171–2175
Jiang G, Pickering SJ, Lester EH, Turner TA, Wong KH, Warrior NA (2009) Characterisation of carbon fibres recycled from carbon fibre/epoxy resin composites using supercritical n-propanol. Comps Sci Tech 69:192–198
Piñero-Hernanz R, García-Serna J, Dodds C, Hyde J, Poliakoff M, Cocero MJ, Kingman S, Pickering S, Lester E (2008) Chemical recycling of carbon fibre composites using alcohols under subcritical and supercritical conditions. J Supercrit Fluids 46:83–92
Okajima I, Hiramatsu M, Shimamura Y, Awaya T, Sako T (2014) Chemical recycling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic using supercritical methanol. J Supercrit Fluids 91:68–76
Ueda T, Shimamura Y, Tohgo K, Fujii T, Okajima I, Hiramatsu M, Sako T (2010) Tnesile strength of carbon fibers reclaimed from CF/Epoxy composite using subcritical water and supercritical methanol (in Japanese). J Soc Mater Sci Jpn 59:964–969
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Industrial Technology Research Grant Program in 2007–2011 from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Okajima, I., Sako, T. Recycling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic using supercritical and subcritical fluids. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 19, 15–20 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0412-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0412-9