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Redistribution of riverine and rainfall freshwater by the Bay of Bengal circulation

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Abstract

We use satellite-derived currents and a Lagrangian approach to investigate the redistribution of the precipitation minus evaporation (P-E) and river freshwater inputs into Bay of Bengal (BoB) by the oceanic circulation. We find a key role of Ekman transport in shaping the BoB freshwater distribution. Until September, the summer monsoon winds induce eastward Ekman transport, which maintains freshwater near its major rivers and rain sources in the northeastern BoB. The winter monsoon Ekman transport strongly contributes to the surface flow in many areas of the interior BoB. This ~ 0.15 m s−1 westward transport overcomes the weaker offshore transport by mesoscale motions and pushes a ~ 40/45% mixture of P-E and Ganges–Brahmaputra freshwater into the East Indian Coastal Current (EICC). In agreement with previous studies, we find that the EICC then transports Ganges–Brahmaputra freshwater southward, allowing the formation of a narrow freshwater tongue or “river in the sea” along the coast east of India in November. Ekman transport thus operates jointly with the EICC to allow the “river in the sea” formation. The EICC is nonetheless a “leaky pipe” as only ~ 22% of the Ganges–Brahmaputra, and ~ 9% of the P-E monsoonal freshwater inputs exit the BoB near Sri Lanka. The winter monsoon anticyclonic circulation in fact brings more rain freshwater from the equatorial Indian Ocean into the southeastern BoB than it exports freshwater through the EICC. As a result, the BoB circulation contributes to a net freshwater gain that amounts to 11% of the local rain and freshwater inputs.

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source of rain freshwater in the northeastern BoB is represented on this sketch, but P-E freshwater is in fact traced everywhere, including outside of the BoB). From June onwards, virtual drifters are launched every month. Every particle tracks the freshwater volume received over its 0.025° × 0.025° initial location during the month preceding its release, using as many variables as needed (e.g. a particle near the GB will track separately the freshwater it received from rain and from the GB; these separate freshwater distribution are represented using colours on the sketch). They are then advected forward using satellite estimates of the total surface currents until October. As they are advected they do not acquire, or lose, any further freshwater. Cumulating freshwater released in June, July, August, and September within ¼° bins allows to get the freshwater distribution associated to each source in October

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Acknowledgements

AVS Chaitanya’s PhD was supported by an IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) “ARTS” Ph.D. grant. He thanks CSIR-NIO (National Institute of Oceanography), Goa, India, and LOCEAN, Paris, France, for hosting him during his Ph. D. He also thank Dr. V. V. Gopalakrishna for his scientific support. GEKCO current data is provided by Joel Sudre from CNRS/LEGOS, Toulouse upon request (http://www.legos.obs-mip.fr/members/sudre/gekco_form). All other data that is used in the paper is accessible on web repositories (SVP-drifter: https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/gdp/; TropFlux: https://incois.gov.in/tropflux/data_access.jsp; TRMM: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/precipitation; Fekete-river discharge: http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Data/index.html). M. Lengaigne thank IRD for supporting a long stay at the CSIR-NIO in Goa, India. J. Vialard thank CSIR-NIO for granting him an “Adjunct Scientist” position for a period of three years. The Lagrangian code we used is included in the SPASSO software package, which is freely available here: https://people.mio.osupytheas.fr/~doglioli/spasso.htm.

Funding

This research was supported under the SARAL/AltiKa project, funded by CNES (Centre National d’Études Spatiales).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India

    Akurathi Venkata Sai Chaitanya & Rathinam Arthur James

  2. LOCEAN-IPSL, Sorbonne Université (UPMC, Univ Paris 06)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, France

    Jérôme Vialard & Francesco d’Ovidio

  3. MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Sète, France

    Matthieu Lengaigne

  4. GET, CNRS-IRD-UPS-CNES, Toulouse, France

    Jean Riotte

  5. LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, IRD/CNRS, CNES/UPS, Toulouse, France

    Fabrice Papa

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  1. Akurathi Venkata Sai Chaitanya
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Chaitanya, A.V.S., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M. et al. Redistribution of riverine and rainfall freshwater by the Bay of Bengal circulation. Ocean Dynamics 71, 1113–1139 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-021-01486-5

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