Abstract
Mountainous forest soils usually contain a large number of rock fragments (particle diameter >2 mm), which influence soil properties. Data characterizing hydraulic properties of these soils usually describe only the fine soil fraction (particle diameter <2 mm) properties. To quantitatively describe soil water movement in stony soils, it is necessary to evaluate effective hydrophysical characteristics, involving the influence of stones, that is, the effective hydraulic conductivity and retention capacity should be known. Properties of evaporating surface (plant canopy) also play important role in formation of soil water movement and retention. This work presents results of the study of rock fragments (stoniness) effect on soil water content profiles and soil water dynamics during the season. Stony and homogeneous soil behavior is compared. The effect of different canopies (spruce forest, low vegetation) and bare soil in both types of soils on soil water dynamics is also studied. Stones as a part of soil are decreasing its water capacity and hydraulic conductivity as well. This is expressing in the decrease of stony soil water content retention capacity. High interception capacity of trees, followed by the low undercanopy precipitation, leads to the decreased soil water content of the upper soil layer. Combination of stony soil and dense forest canopy led to the low undercanopy precipitation, to relatively low infiltration totals into soil, and to decreased outflow.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baker FG, Bouma J (1976) Variability of hydraulic conductivity in two subsurface horizons of two silt loam soils. Soil Sci Soil Am J 40:219–222
Bärwolf M (2006) Soil properties. In: Measurements of Max Planck Institute for biogeochemistry at the Tatra windthrow sites. Jena, CD–ROM
Bear J (1972) Dynamics of fluids in porous media. Elsevier, New York
Bičárová S, Fleischer P (2006) Concentration of ozone changes in boundary layer following windthrow in High Tatras in November 2004 In: Lapin M, Matejka F (ed) Proceedings of the international conference bioclimatology and water in the land. Comenius University, Bratislava, CD–ROM
Budagovskij AI, Novák V (2011a) Theory of evapotranspiration: 1.Transpiration and its quantitative description. J Hydrol Hydromech 59(1):3–23
Budagovskij AI, Novák V (2011b) Theory of evapotranspiration: 2.Soil and intercepted water evaporation. J Hydrol Hydromech 59(2):73–84
Cousin I, Nicollaud B, Coutadeur C (2003) Influence of rock fragments on the water retention and water percolation in a calcarleous soil. Catena 53:97–114
Dam JC van, Huygen J, Wesseling JG, Feddes RA, Kabat P, van Walsum PEV, Groenendijk P, van Diepen CA (1997) Theory of SWAP version 2.0. Simulation of water flow, solute transport and plant growth in the soil–water–atmosphere–plant environment. Report 71, Department of water resources, Wageningen Agricultural University. Technical document 45, DLO Winand Starring Centre, Wageningen
Gömöryová E, Střelcová K, Škvarenina J, Bebej J, Gömöry D (2008) The impact of windthrow and fire disturbances on selected soil properties in the Tatra National Park. Soil Water Res 3(1):574–580
Guenther A, Zimmerman P, Harley P, Monson R, Fall R (1993) Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: model evaluation and sensitivity analysis. J Geophys Res 98:12609–12617
Hanson CT, Blevins RL (1979) Soil water in coarse fragments. Soil Sci Soc Am J 43:819–820
Hraško J, Bedrna Z (1998) Applied soil science. Príroda, Bratislava, (In Slovak)
Hurtalová T, Matejka F, Rožnovský J, Marková I, Janouš D (2004) Aerodynamic parameter changes above a young spruce forest stand during five growing seasons. Contribut Geophys Geodesy 34(2):131–146
Jackson RB, Canadell J, Ehleringer RJ, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Schultze ED (1996) A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 108:389–411
Kňava K, Novák V, Orfánus T, Majerčák J (2008) High Tatras forest structure changes and their influence on rain interception and some components of water balance. Contribut Geophys Geodesy 38(3):293–304
Kutilek M, Nielsen DR (1994) Soil hydrology, Catena Verl., Cremlingen—Destedt
Lichner L (1994) K problematike merania nasýtenej hydraulickej vodivosti v pôde s makropórami. J Hydrol Hydromech 42:421–430
Majerčák J, Novák V (1992) Simulation of the soil water dynamics in the root zone during the vegetation period. J Hydrol Hydromech 40(5):299–315
Majerčáková O (1984) Interception as a loss–component in the process of runoff formation and its modelling. J Hydrol Hydromech 32(4):364–379
Novák V (1987) Estimation of soil water extraction patterns by roots. Agric Water Manag 12:271–278
Novák V, Kňava K (2011) Determining the influence of stones on hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils, using numerical method. Geoderma 161:177–181
Novák V, Majerčák J (1992) Simulation of the soil water dynamics in the root zone during the vegetation period. J Hydrol Hydromech 40(5):380–397
Novák V, Kňava K (2009) Soil hydrophysical characteristics of experimental site FIRE, High Tatras. In Pokalamitný výskum v TANAP-e, 2008 : Zborník príspevkov z III. seminára., Bratislava : Geofyzikálny ústav SAV : Výskumná stanica TANAP-u, ŠL TANAP, ISBN 978-80-85754-20-9, pp 165–171
Novák V, Šurda P (2010) The water retention of granite rock fragments in High Tatras stony soils. J Hydrol Hydromech 58(3):181–187
Oyonarte C, Escoriza I, Delgado R, Pinto V, Delgado G (1998) Water retention capacity in fine earth and gravel fractions of semiarid Mediterranean montane soils. Arid Land Res Manage 12:29–45
Perttu K (1970) Radiation measurements above and in forest. Studia Forrestalia Suecica, Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, No 72
Poesen J, Lavee H (1994) Rock fragments in top soils: significance and processes. Catena 23:1–28
Ravina I, Magier J (1984) Hydraulic conductivity and water retention of clay soils containing coarse fragment. Soil Sci Soc Am J 48:736–740
Richards LA (1931) Capillary conduction of liquids through porous media. Physics 1:318–333
Scurlock JMO, Asner GP, Gower ST (2001) Worldwide historical estimates of leaf area index, 1932–2000. Report. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennesee, ORNL/TM-2001/268, p 23
Šimůnek J, Huang K, Šejna M, van Genuchten Th M, Majerčák J, Novák V, and Šutor J (1998) The HYDRUS -ET software package for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat and multiple solutes in variably—saturated media. Version 1.1. Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, p 184
Šimůnek J, van Genuchten M Th, Šejna M (2006) The HYDRUS software package for simulating two- and three-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media, Technical manual, version 1.0, PC progress, Prague, Czech Republic
Soil Survey Staff (1975) Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. UDSA—soil conservation service, Agriculture handbook, No 436
van Genuchten MT (1980) A close form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 44:892–898
Vodálová A, Máliš F, Ištoňa J (2009) Development of vegetation on the sites with different state of forests disturbance after windthrow at Jamske Pleso. In: Pokalamitný výskum v TANAP-e, 2008, Zborník príspevkov z III. seminára., Bratislava, Geofyzikálny ústav SAV, Výskumná stanica TANAP-u, ŠL TANAP pp 257–268
Acknowledgments
Authors are grateful to the Slovak Grant Agency APVV (Grant No. 51—030205) and VEGA (Project No. 2/0021/10) for partial support of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Agustín Merino.
This article originates from the international symposium “Managed Forests in Future Landscapes. Implications for Water and Carbon Cycles (COST action FP 0601 FORMAN)”.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Novák, V., Kňava, K. The influence of stoniness and canopy properties on soil water content distribution: simulation of water movement in forest stony soil. Eur J Forest Res 131, 1727–1735 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-011-0589-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-011-0589-y