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Columnar Lined Esophagus: What it is and what it tells us

Zylinderepithel-Ösophagus: Was es ist und was er uns sagt

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Zusammenfassung

GRUNDLAGEN: Definition und Bedeutung des Zylinderepithel-Ösophagus hat sich seit der Erstbeschreibung 1953 oft geändert. Es wurden verschiedene Definitionen des Ösophagus-Magen-Übergangs verwendet, wobei nicht ganz klar war, wo eigentlich der Ösophagus endet und der Magen beginnt. Die gegenwärtig akzeptierte Definition des Ösophagus-Magen-Übergangs ist das Ende des tubulären Ösophagus und der proximale Beginn der Magenfalten. Kardia Mukosa wird daher teilweise als metaplastisches Epithel und teilweise als normales Epithel des proximalen Magens angesehen. METHODIK: Diese Übersicht analysiert die relevante Literatur zur Definition des Übergangs Ösophagus – Magen, Zylinderepithel – Ösophagus, mit Berücksichtigung der Histologie. Ziel der Analyse ist es, die echte Ösophagus-Magen-Grenze zu definieren. ERGEBNISSE: Die echte Ösophagus-Magen-Grenze findet sich häufig distal des Endes des tubulären Ösophagus und des Beginns der gerundeten Schleimhautfalten. Die Definition der wirklichen Mukosa-Grenze Ösophagus – Magen wird erst durch die submukösen Drüsen möglich. Über den submukösen Drüsen findet sich sogenannte Kardia-Mukosa mit oder ohne intestinaler Metaplasie. Unterhalb oxyntischer (= Säure bildender) Mukosa des Magens finden sich nie submuköse Drüsen. Diese Daten lassen vermuten, dass die echte Ösophagus-Magen-Grenze histologisch nur durch die proximale Grenze der oxyntischen Mukosa definiert werden kann. Kardia-Mukosa mit und ohne intestinaler Metaplasie ist ZylinderepithelÖsophagus. Der distale Anteil des durch Reflux geschädigten Zylinderepithel-Ösophagus dilatiert und wirft dadurch Falten, die mit Magenfalten verwechselt werden. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Die korrekte Definition des Übergangs Ösophagus-Magen erlaubt genaue Definitionen für die Refluxerkrankung (Reflux-Karditis), die Schwere der Refluxschädigung zu erheben (Länge des ZylinderepithelÖsophagus) und das Risiko abzuschätzen, ein Refluxinduziertes Adenokarzinom zu entwickeln. Das geschieht mit Hilfe histologischer Kriterien, welche den klinischen Kriterien der Refluxkrankheit überlegen sind.

Summary

BACKGROUND: The definition and significance of columnar lined esophagus has undergone many changes since it was first described in 1953. The changes are largely the result of varying definitions of the gastroesophageal junction which has placed the esophagus and stomach at different levels. The presently accepted definitions of the gastroesophageal junction are the proximal limit of rugal folds and the end of the tubular esophagus. Their placement results in cardiac mucosa being partly a metaplastic esophageal epithelium and partly a normal epithelium in the proximal stomach. METHODS: This review analyses the relevant literature relating to the gastroesophageal junction, columnar lined esophagus with an emphasis on histologic features. The aim of the study is to establish the true gastroesophageal junction. RESULTS: The true gastroesophageal junction is frequently distal to the end of the tubular esophagus and proximal limit of rugal folds, as shown by the presence of submucosal esophageal glands in this region. The submucosal glands coincide with surface cardiac mucosa with and without intestinal metaplasia and oxyntocardiac mucosa. Submucosal glands are never found under gastric oxyntic mucosa. This finding suggests that the true gastroesophageal junction is definable by histology as the proximal limit of gastric oxyntic mucosa. Cardiac mucosa with and without intestinal metaplasia and oxyntocardiac mucosa represent columnar lined esophagus. The most distal region of the reflux-damaged columnar lined esophagus is dilated and lined by rugated mucosa and is presently mistaken as proximal stomach. CONCLUSIONS: Correct definition of the true gastroesophageal junction permits the development of precise definitions for reflux disease (reflux carditis), assess the severity of reflux damage (length of columnar lined esophagus) and assess progression within the reflux-adenocarcinoma sequence. This is done with histologic criteria that are superior to the present clinical criteria for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

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Correspondence to Parakrama T. Chandrasoma.

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Chandrasoma, P. Columnar Lined Esophagus: What it is and what it tells us. Eur Surg 38, 197–209 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10353-006-0247-7

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