Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Chronic Pain Predicting Reciprocity of Support Among Vulnerable, Predominantly African-American Persons Living with HIV/AIDS

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV), approximately two-thirds report moderate to severe pain. Chronic pain can negatively affect PLHIVs’ health behaviors and outcomes by interfering with their reciprocity (mutual exchange) of support in their caregiving relationships, which has been found to be associated with PLHIVs’ antiretroviral adherence and viral suppression. Data were longitudinal (baseline, 6- and 12-month follow-up) from 383 PLHIV who were formerly or currently using drugs. Utilizing a longitudinal lagged fixed effects structural equation model, we found that never having pain in the past 6 months was predictive of increased reciprocity of support. Sub-analyses by care relationship type revealed never having pain was a significant predictor of greater reciprocity for sexual partner caregiving dyads, but not for kin or friend caregiving dyads. Our study emphasizes the importance of pain management in quality caregiving relationships characterized by reciprocity, which has consistently been found to be associated with stronger, more supportive caregiving relationships and better quality of life. Our findings suggest the importance of pain management intervention for improving reciprocity between vulnerable PLHIVs and their primary caregivers, especially between PLHIVs and caregivers who are current or former sexual partners.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Merlin JS, Cen L, Praestgaard A, et al. Pain and physical and psychological symptoms in ambulatory HIV patients in the current treatment era. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012;43(3):638–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Merlin JS, Westfall AO, Raper JL, et al. Pain, mood, and substance abuse in HIV: implications for clinic visit utilization, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and virologic failure. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61(2):164–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Merlin JS, Zinski A, Norton WE, et al. A conceptual framework for understanding chronic pain in patients with HIV. Pain Pract. 2014;14(3):207–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Miaskowski C, Penko JM, Guzman D, Mattson JE, Bangsberg DR, Kushel MB. Occurrence and characteristics of chronic pain in a community-based cohort of indigent adults living with HIV infection. J Pain. 2011;12(9):1004–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Merlin JS, Childers J, Arnold RM. Chronic pain in the outpatient palliative care clinic. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2013;30(2):197–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Knowlton AR, Hua W, Latkin C. Social support networks and medical service use among HIV-positive injection drug users: implications to intervention. AIDS Care. 2005;17(4):479–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Mitchell MM, Robinson AC, Nguyen TQ, Knowlton AR. Informal caregiver characteristics associated with viral load suppression among current or former drug users living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(11):2117–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Lucas GM, Griswold M, Gebo KA, Keruly J, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Illicit drug use and HIV-1 disease progression: a longitudinal study in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(5):412–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lemly DC, Shepherd BE, Hulgan T, et al. Race and sex differences in antiretroviral therapy use and mortality among HIV-infected persons in care. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(7):991–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Losina E, Schackman BR, Sadownik SN, et al. Racial and sex disparities in life expectancy losses among HIV-infected persons in the united states: impact of risk behavior, late initiation, and early discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(10):1570–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Chandola T, Marmot M, Siegrist J. Failed reciprocity in close social relationships and health: findings from the Whitehall II study. J Psychosom Res. 2007;63(4):403–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Horwitz AV. Siblings as caregivers for the seriously mentally ill. Milbank Q. 1993;71(2):323–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Knowlton AR, Yang C, Bohnert A, Wissow L, Chander G, Arnsten JA. Informal care and reciprocity of support are associated with HAART adherence among men in Baltimore, MD, USA. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(7):1429–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Knowlton AR, Arnsten JH, Gourevitch MN, et al. Microsocial environmental influences on highly active antiretroviral therapy outcomes among active injection drug users: the role of informal caregiving and household factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46(Suppl 2):S110–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mitchell MM, Robinson AC, Wolff J, Knowlton AR. Perceived mental health status of injection drug users living with HIV/AIDS: concordance between informal HIV caregivers and care recipient self-reports and associations with caregiving burden and reciprocity. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(6):1103–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Knowlton AR, Mitchell MM, Robinson AC, Nguyen TQ, Isenberg S, Denison J. Informal HIV caregiver proxy reports of care recipients’ treatment adherence: relationship factors associated with concordance with recipients’ viral suppression. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(11):2123–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Holzemer WL, Henry SB, Nokes KM, et al. Validation of the sign and symptom check-list for persons with HIV disease (SSC-HIV). J Adv Nurs. 1999;30(5):1041–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Allison PD. Causal inference with panel data. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association in August 2005; Philadelphia, PA; 2005.

  19. Bollen KA, Brand JE. A general panel model with random and fixed effects: a structural equations approach. Soc Forces. 2010;89(1):1–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Publications; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Burlington: Elsevier Sciences; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  23. Bandura A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kelley AS, Morrison RS. Palliative care for the seriously ill. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(8):747–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Leblanc AJ, London AS, Aneshensel CS. The physical costs of AIDS caregiving. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45(6):915–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The study was supported by Grants R01 DA019413 and R01NR014050, and the Johns Hopkins Center for AIDS Research Grant 1P30 AI094189 from the National Institutes of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA

    Mary M. Mitchell, Sarina R. Isenberg, Allysha C. Maragh-Bass & Amy R. Knowlton

Authors
  1. Mary M. Mitchell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sarina R. Isenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Allysha C. Maragh-Bass
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amy R. Knowlton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mary M. Mitchell.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The auhtors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mitchell, M.M., Isenberg, S.R., Maragh-Bass, A.C. et al. Chronic Pain Predicting Reciprocity of Support Among Vulnerable, Predominantly African-American Persons Living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav 22, 2002–2007 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1775-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1775-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation