Abstract
The reduced sulfur species, sulfide, elemental and thiosulfate were considered in the thermal waters of Jiangxi Province for the first time. It is shown that the sulfur speciation content significantly varies and depends on the pH values. The major part of reduced sulfur refers to sulfide species in the nitric thermal waters, to elemental—in the carbon dioxide thermal waters. The presence of both reduced and oxidized sulfur speciation indicates the possibility of sulfide minerals hydrolysis and disproportionation of the product of this reaction (SO2) with the participation of hot water with the formation of elemental and sulfate sulfur. The isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate and sulfide sulfur speciation has shown that the process of bacterial reduction proceeds in the thermal waters, accompanied by accumulation of relatively heavy sulfur isotope in sulfates. Simultaneously with reduction, the oxidation of both sulfide minerals and newly formed hydrosulfide proceeds with formation of elemental, thiosulfates and also sulfates in the discharge zone was proceeded. It is shown that the process of sulfide oxidation mostly occurs in carbon dioxide thermal waters. Therefore, the elemental sulfur is predominant in carbon dioxide waters. The oxidation process is less significant in the nitric thermal waters, whereby the concentrations of sulfide ion are higher than sulfates. The ambiguous effect of sulfate reduction on the hydrogeochemical environment of the thermal waters is confirmed by the differing value of the carbon isotope ratio of HCO3− in the considered waters. The obtained isotopic composition data 34δS(SO42−) indicate host rocks as a source of sulfates in the thermal waters of Jiangxi Province.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnorsson S, Gunnlaugsson E, Svavarsson H (1983) The chemistry of geothermal waters in Iceland-II. Mineral equilibria and independent variables controlling water compositions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47:547–566
Aubrey LZ, Kamyshny A Jr, Lee RK, Farquhar J, Oduro H, Arthur MA (2010) Sulfur cycling in a stratified euxinic lake with moderately high sulfate: constraints from quadruple S isotopes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74(17):4953–4970
Bonch-Osmolovskaya EA (2004) Studies of thermophilic microorganisms at the Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Mikrobiol 73(5):551–564
Borzenko SV, Zamana LV (2011) Reduced forms of sulfur in the brine of Saline–Soda Lake Doroninskoe, eastern Transbaikal Region. Geochem Int 49:253
Buseyev AI, Simonova LN (1975) Analytical chemistry of sulfur. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Galimov EM (1968) Geochemistry of carbon stable isotopes. Nedra, Moscow (in Russian)
Giggenbach WF (1988) Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na–K–Mg–Ca geoindicators. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52:2749–2765
Skryabin GK, Ivanov MV, Freney G (1983) Global Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle and Its Influence on Human Activity. Nauka, Moscow: 420 (in Russian)
Grasby SE, Hutcheon I, Krouse HR (2000) The influence of water-rock interaction on the chemistry of thermal springs in Western Canada. Appl Geochem 15(4):439–454
Grinenko VA, Grinenko LN (1974) Geochemistry of sulfur isotopes. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Gumerov VM, Mardanov AV, Beletsky AV, Ravin NV, Bonch-Osmolovskaya EA (2011) Molecular analysis of microbial diversity in the Zavarzin spring, Uzon caldera, Kamchatka. Microbiology 80(2):244–251
Henley RW, Truesdell AH, Barton JR, Whitney JA (1984) Fluid-mineral equilibria in hydrothermal systems. Reviews in economic geology. Soc Econ Geol 1:267
Hugenholtz P, Pitulle C, Hershberger KL, Pace NR (1998) Novel division level bacterial diversity in a Yellowstone hot spring. J Bacteriol 180:366–376
Jiangxi statistical yearbook (2015) http://www.jiangxi.gov.cn/. Accessed 01 February 2016
Kaasalainen H, Stefánsson A (2011) Chemical analysis of sulfur species in geothermal waters. Talanta 85(4):1897–1903
Li X (1979) The relationship between distribution of thermal waters and uranium mineralization in Jiangxi. J East China Geol Inst 21–29
Lomonosov IS (1974) Geochemistry and formation of modern hydrothermal waters of the baikal rift zone. Nauka, Novosibirsk (in Russian)
Merkel AY, Podosokorskaya OA, Sokolova TG, Bonch-Osmolovskaya EA (2016) Diversity of methanogenic archaea from the 2012 terrestrial hot spring (Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka). Microbiology 85(3):C342–C349
Neretin LN, Zhabina NN, Demidov TP (1996) Content of inorganic reduced forms of sulfur in the water of the Mediterranean Sea. Sea Chem Oceanogr 36(1):61–65
Novikov YV, Lastochkina KO, Boldin ZN (1990) Methods for studying the water quality in reservoirs. Medicine, Moscow (in Russian)
Ohmoto H, Goldhaber MB (1997) Sulfur and carbon isotopes. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 517–611
Ohmoto H, Lasaga AC (1982) Kinetics of reactions between aqueous sulfates and sulfides in hydrothermal systems. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46:1727–1745
Pavlov SK, Chudnenko KV (2015) Hydrogeochemical processes of wastewater leakage purification from a thermal power plant. J Environ Sci Health, Part A 50(7):719–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2015.1011969
Plyusnin AM, Zamana LV, Shvartsev SL, Tokarenko OG, Chernyavskii MK (2013) Hydrogeochemical peculiarities of the composition of nitric thermal waters in the Baikal Rift Zone. Russ Geol Geophys 54(5):647–664
Poser A, Lohmayer R, Vogt C, Knoeller K, Planer-Friedrich B, Sorokin D, Richnow H-H, Finster K (2013) Disproportionation of elemental sulfur by haloalkaliphilic bacteria from soda lakes. Extremophiles 17(6):1003–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-013-0582-0
Roy AB, Trudinger PA (1970) The biochemistry of inorganic compounds of sulphur. Cambridge University Press, London
Shvartsev SL (2008) Geochemistry of fresh groundwater in the main landscape zone of the Earth. Geochem Int 46(13):1285–1398
Shvartsev SL, Wang YX (2006) Geochemistry of sodic waters in the Datong intermountain basin, Shanxi Province, northwestern China. Geochem Int 44(10):1015–1026
Shvartsev SL, Zamana LV, Plyusnin AM, Tokarenko OG (2015) Equilibrium of nitrogen-rich spring waters of the Baikal rift zone with host rock minerals as a basis for determining mechanisms of their formation. Geochem Int 53(8):713–725
Shvartsev SL, Sun Z, Borzenko SV, Gao B, Tokarenko OG, Zippa EV (2018) Geochemistry of the thermal waters in Jiangxi Province, China. Appl Geochem 96:113–130
Sun Z, Li X (2001) Studies of geothermal waters in Jiangxi Province using isotope techniques. Sci China Ser E 44:144–150
Sun Z, Gao B, Zhang Z (2007) Isotopic and geochemical evidence for mantle and crustal contributions to geothermal fluids in Southern Jiangxi Province, China. In: TD Bullen, Y Wang (eds) Proceedings of the 12th international symposium on water-rock Interac., Kunming, China, 31 July–5 August 2007, pp 263–267
Sun Z, Shvartsev SL, Tokarenko OG, Zippa EV, Gao B (2016) Geochemical peculiarities of nitric thermal waters in Jiangxi Province (SE-China). In: IOP conference series: earth and environmental science: All-Russian scientific conference with international participation on contemporary issues of hydrogeology, engineering geology and hydrogeoecology in Eurasia 23–27 November 2015, Tomsk, Russia vol 33, no 1
Sun Z, Gao B, Shvartsev S, Tokarenko O, Zippa E (2017) The thermal water geochemistry in Jiangxi Province (SE-China). Procedia Earth Planet Sci 17:940–943
Trudinger PA, Swaine DI (1979) The biological sulphur cycle. In: Biogeochemical cycling of mineral-forming elements. Elsevier, Asmterdam, pp 293–313
Volkov II, Zhabina NN (1990) Method for determination of the sulfur compounds in brine water. Okeanologiya 90(5):778–782
Xu X, Chen Ch, Lee DJ, Wang A, Guo W, Zhou X, Guo H, Yuan Y, Ren N, Chang JS (2013) Sulfate-reduction, sulfide-oxidation and elemental sulfur bioreduction process: modeling and experimental validation. Bioresour Technol 147:202–211
Zamana LV, Askarov SA, Borzenko SV, Chudaev OV, Bragin IV (2010) Isotopes of sulfide and sulfate sulfur in nitrogen hot springs of the Bauntov group (Baikal rift zone). Doklady Earth Sci 435(1):1515–1517. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X10110231
Zavarzin GA (2004) Microbial diversity studies at the Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology. Microbiology 73(5):509–522
Zeikus GJ, Fuchs G, William RK, Thauer RK (1977) Oxidoreductases involved in cell carbon synthesis of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. J Bacteriol 132:604–613
Zhou W (1996) Studies of geothermal background and isotopic geochemistry of thermal water in Jiangxi Province. In: China nuclear science and technology report
Zhou W, Zhang W (2001) Gas isotopes and geochemistry of hot springs in Hengjing, Jiangxi Province. Sci China Ser E: Technol Sci 44(1):151–154
Zillig W, Stetter KO, Schdfer W, Ianecovic D, Wunderl S, Holz I, Palm P (1981) Thermoproteales: a novel type of extremely thermoacidophilic anaerobic archaebacteria isolated from Icelandic solfataras. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I Abt. Orig. 2:205–227
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgments go to The Problem Research Laboratory of Hydrogeochemistry (National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University), Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the laboratory of Far East Geological Institute, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Vladivostok, Russia). The study was financially supported by grants from the Russian Science Foundation (Grant Number 17-17-01158) and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant Number 18-55-80015).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Borzenko, S.V., Zippa, E.V. Isotopic Composition and Origin of Sulfide and Sulfate Species of Sulfur in Thermal Waters of Jiangxi Province (China). Aquat Geochem 25, 49–62 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-019-09353-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-019-09353-y