Abstract
Transparent organic–inorganic hybrids with a whitish colour were prepared from cellulose diacetate (CDA) nanosheets derived from Dion–Jacobson-type ion-exchangeable layered perovskite HLaNb2O7·xH2O (HLaNb) to prepare CDA-based hybrids bearing covalent bonds between HLaNb nanosheets and CDA matrices for improved mechanical properties. An n-decoxy derivative of HLaNb (C10_HLaNb) was exfoliated in acetonitrile by ultrasonication. TEM and AFM images revealed that C10_HLaNb was exfoliated into individual nanosheets. In order to explore the local environment around HLaNb nanosheets, a very small amount of CDA was reacted with a C10_HLaNb nanosheet dispersion [molar ratio COH:(NbOH + NbOC10H21) = 4:1] at 80 °C, and solid-state 13C NMR with cross polarization and magic angle spinning techniques showed that an alcohol-exchange-type reaction was proceeded to graft the CDA chains to the HLaNb nanosheets via new Nb–O–C covalent linkages. The CDA-based hybrids were prepared by dispersing 5 mass% of HLaNb nanosheets in CDA and subsequent heating at 80 °C for 1–7 days to cause a grafting reaction, and the product prepared by a 1-day grafting reaction exhibited improved mechanical properties compared to neat CDA; the Young’s modulus, tensile strength and toughness increased by 18, 34 and 78%, respectively. The mechanical properties deteriorated with further extension of the reaction period, however. In addition, a hybrid film prepared by mixing CDA and a C10_HLaNb nanosheet dispersion exhibited only a slight improvement in mechanical properties. These results clearly indicate that formation of an appropriate number of Nb–O–C bonds at the nanosheet/CDA interfaces is effective for improving mechanical properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Althues H, Henle J, Kaskel S (2007) Functional inorganic nanofillers for transparent polymers. Chem Soc Rev 36:1454. doi:10.1039/b608177k
Asai Y, Ariake Y, Saito H, Idota N, Matsukawa K, Nishino T, Sugahara Y (2014) Layered perovskite nanosheets bearing fluoroalkoxy groups: their preparation and application in epoxy-based hybrids. RSC Adv 4:26932. doi:10.1039/c4ra01777c
Barud HS et al (2008) Thermal behavior of cellulose acetate produced from homogeneous acetylation of bacterial cellulose. Thermochim Acta 471:61–69. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2008.02.009
Campos JM, Ferraria AM, Botelho do Rego AM, Ribeiro MR, Barros-Timmons A (2015) Studies on PLA grafting onto graphene oxide and its effect on the ensuing composite films. Mater Chem Phys 166:122–132. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.09.036
Edgar KJ, Buchanan CM, Debenham JS, Rundquist PA, Seiler BD, Shelton MC, Tindall D (2001) Advances in cellulose ester performance and application. Prog Polym Sci 26:1605–1688. doi:10.1016/s0079-6700(01)00027-2
Fang M, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhang H, Lu H, Yang Y (2010) Constructing hierarchically structured interphases for strong and tough epoxy nanocomposites by amine-rich graphene surfaces. J Mater Chem 20:9635. doi:10.1039/c0jm01620a
Glasser WG (2004) 6. Prospects for future applications of cellulose acetate. Macromol Symp 208:371–394. doi:10.1002/masy.200450416
Gopalakrishnan J, Bhat V, Raveau B (1987) AILaNb2O7: a new series of layered perovskites exhibiting ion exchange and intercalation behaviour. Mater Res Bull 22:413–417. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(87)90060-2
Huang HD, Liu CY, Li D, Chen YH, Zhong GJ, Li ZM (2014) Ultra-low gas permeability and efficient reinforcement of cellulose nanocomposite films by well-aligned graphene oxide nanosheets. J Mater Chem A 2:15853–15863. doi:10.1039/c4ta03305a
Huber T, Müssig J, Curnow O, Pang S, Bickerton S, Staiger MP (2012) A critical review of all-cellulose composites. J Mater Sci 47:1171–1186. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-5774-3
Hussain F, Hojjati M, Okamoto M, Gorga RE (2006) Review article: polymer-matrix nanocomposites, processing, manufacturing, and application: an overview. J Compos Mater 40:1511–1575. doi:10.1177/0021998306067321
Jin H et al (2013) Ionically interacting nanoclay and nanofibrillated cellulose lead to tough bulk nanocomposites in compression by forced self-assembly. J Mater Chem B 1:835–840. doi:10.1039/c2tb00370h
Kabiri R, Namazi H (2014) Nanocrystalline cellulose acetate (NCCA)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties and barrier against water vapor. Cellulose 21:3527–3539. doi:10.1007/s10570-014-0366-4
Liu J, Yang W, Tao L, Li D, Boyer C, Davis TP (2010) Thermosensitive graphene nanocomposites formed using pyrene-terminal polymers made by RAFT polymerization. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 48:425–433. doi:10.1002/pola.23802
Liu J, Tang J, Gooding JJ (2012) Strategies for chemical modification of graphene and applications of chemically modified graphene. J Mater Chem 22:12435. doi:10.1039/c2jm31218b
Liu L, Shen Z, Liang S, Yi M, Zhang X, Ma S (2014) Graphene for reducing bubble defects and enhancing mechanical properties of graphene/cellulose acetate composite films. J Mater Sci 49:321–328. doi:10.1007/s10853-013-7708-8
Lonkar SP, Deshmukh YS, Abdala AA (2014) Recent advances in chemical modifications of graphene. Nano Res 8:1039–1074. doi:10.1007/s12274-014-0622-9
Marsh K, Bugusu B (2007) Food packaging-roles, materials, and environmental issues. J Food Sci 72:R39–R55. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00301.x
Mittal V, Chaudhry AU, Luckachan GE (2014) Biopolymer—thermally reduced graphene nanocomposites: structural characterization and properties. Mater Chem Phys 147:319–332. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.05.007
Morimune S, Nishino T, Goto T (2012) Poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposites prepared by a simple eco-process. Polym J 44:1056–1063. doi:10.1038/pj.2012.58
Morita R, Khan FZ, Sakaguchi T, Shiotsuki M, Nishio Y, Masuda T (2007) Synthesis, characterization, and gas permeation properties of the silyl derivatives of cellulose acetate. J Membr Sci 305:136–145. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.07.045
Ojijo V, Sinha Ray S (2013) Processing strategies in bionanocomposites. Prog Polym Sci 38:1543–1589. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.011
Park H-M, Liang X, Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (2004) Effect of compatibilizer on nanostructure of the biodegradable cellulose acetate/organoclay nanocomposites. Macromolecules 37:9076–9082. doi:10.1021/ma048958s
Podsiadlo P et al (2007) Ultrastrong and stiff layered polymer nanocomposites. Science 318:80–83. doi:10.1126/science.1143176
Rodríguez FJ, Coloma A, Galotto MJ, Guarda A, Bruna JE (2012) Effect of organoclay content and molecular weight on cellulose acetate nanocomposites properties. Polym Degrad Stab 97:1996–2001. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.06.003
Rohini R, Katti P, Bose S (2015) Tailoring the interface in graphene/thermoset polymer composites: a critical review. Polymer 70:A17–A34. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.016
Salavagione HJ, Martínez G (2011) Importance of covalent linkages in the preparation of effective reduced graphene oxide-poly(vinyl chloride) nanocomposites. Macromolecules 44:2685–2692. doi:10.1021/ma102932c
Sei T, Ishitani K, Suzuki R, Ikematsu K (1985) Distribution of acetyl group in cellulose acetate as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Polym J 17:1065–1069. doi:10.1295/polymj.17.1065
Shimada A, Yoneyama Y, Tahara S, Mutin PH, Sugahara Y (2009) Interlayer surface modification of the protonated ion-exchangeable layered perovskite HLaNb2O7·xH2O with organophosphonic acids. Chem Mater 21:4155–4162. doi:10.1021/cm900228c
Shori S, Pellechia PJ, zur Loye H-C, Ploehn HJ (2015) Covalent grafting of phenylphosphonate on calcium niobate platelets. J Colloid Interface Sci 437:97–110. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2014.09.024
Sinharay S, Bousmina M (2005) Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites: in greening the 21st century materials world. Prog Mater Sci 50:962–1079. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2005.05.002
Sugahara Y (2014) Chemical processes employing inorganic layered compounds for inorganic and inorganic-organic hybrid materials. J Ceram Soc Jpn 122:523–529. doi:10.2109/jcersj2.122.523
Suzuki H, Notsu K, Takeda Y, Sugimoto W, Sugahara Y (2003) Reactions of alkoxyl derivatives of a layered perovskite with alcohols: substitution reactions on the interlayer surface of a layered perovskite. Chem Mater 15:636–641. doi:10.1021/cm0200902
Takeda Y, Suzuki H, Notsu K, Sugimoto W, Sugahara Y (2006) Preparation of a novel organic derivative of the layered perovskite bearing HLaNb2O7 nH2O interlayer surface trifluoroacetate groups. Mater Res Bull 41:834–841. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2005.10.004
Terrones M et al (2011) Interphases in graphene polymer-based nanocomposites: achievements and challenges. Adv Mater 23:5302–5310. doi:10.1002/adma.201102036
Wang J-Y, Yang S-Y, Huang Y-L, Tien H-W, Chin W-K, Ma C-CM (2011) Preparation and properties of graphene oxide/polyimide composite films with low dielectric constant and ultrahigh strength via in situ polymerization. J Mater Chem 21:13569. doi:10.1039/c1jm11766a
Wang BG, Lou WJ, Wang XB, Hao JC (2012a) Relationship between dispersion state and reinforcement effect of graphene oxide in microcrystalline cellulose-graphene oxide composite films. J Mater Chem 22:12859–12866. doi:10.1039/c2jm31635h
Wang C, Tang K, Wang D, Liu Z, Wang L, Zhu Y, Qian Y (2012b) A new carbon intercalated compound of Dion–Jacobson phase HLaNb2O7. J Mater Chem 22:11086. doi:10.1039/c2jm14902h
Yoshioka S, Takeda Y, Uchimaru Y, Sugahara Y (2003) Hydrosilylation in the 2D interlayer space between inorganic layers: reaction between immobilized C=C groups on the interlayer surface of layered perovskite HLaNb2O7·xH2O and chlorohydrosilanes. J Organomet Chem 686:145–150. doi:10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00618-1
Zaman I, Le Q-H, Kuan H-C, Kawashima N, Luong L, Gerson A, Ma J (2011) Interface-tuned epoxy/clay nanocomposites. Polymer 52:497–504. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2010.12.007
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “New Polymeric Materials Based on Element-Blocks (No. 2401)” (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP24102002 and JP24102009). We thank Mr. Kenta Inamori for his experimental assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sato, S., Shintani, K., Idota, N. et al. Effect of the graft density of cellulose diacetate-modified layered perovskite nanosheets on mechanical properties of the transparent organic–inorganic hybrids bearing covalent bonds at the interface. Cellulose 24, 5463–5473 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1475-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1475-7