Abstract
A transient climate scenario experiment of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM is analyzed to assess the elevation dependency of 21st century European climate change. A focus is put on near-surface conditions. Model evaluation reveals that COSMO-CLM is able to approximately reproduce the observed altitudinal variation of 2 m temperature and precipitation in most regions and most seasons. The analysis of climate change signals suggests that 21st century climate change might considerably depend on elevation. Over most parts of Europe and in most seasons, near-surface warming significantly increases with elevation. This is consistent with the simulated changes of the free-tropospheric air temperature, but can only be fully explained by taking into account regional-scale processes involving the land surface. In winter and spring, the anomalous high-elevation warming is typically connected to a decrease in the number of snow days and the snow-albedo feedback. Further factors are changes in cloud cover and soil moisture and the proximity of low-elevation regions to the sea. The amplified warming at high elevations becomes apparent during the first half of the 21st century and results in a general decrease of near-surface lapse rates. It does not imply an early detection potential of large-scale temperature changes. For precipitation, only few consistent signals arise. In many regions precipitation changes show a pronounced elevation dependency but the details strongly depend on the season and the region under consideration. There is a tendency towards a larger relative decrease of summer precipitation at low elevations, but there are exceptions to this as well.
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Notes
For clarity, we will reserve the terms elevation/altitude dependency and elevation/altitude gradient for the altitudinal dependency of near-surface parameters, while the term height dependency will be reserved for variations in the free troposphere. Similarly, the term (surface) lapse rate will refer to the elevation dependency of near-surface air temperature as opposed to the environmental lapse rate in the free troposphere. Lapse rates are generally defined as the temperature decrease with elevation/height and hence positive in sign for cooler conditions at higher levels. In contrast, positive precipitation gradients denote an increase of precipitation with height.
As a general rule and unless stated otherwise, we will apply the terms low, medium and high elevation in a relative sense, i.e., with respect to the elevation range covered by each individual sub-domain. For instance, high elevations in sub-domain AL will refer to a different elevation range (> about 1500 m) than high elevations in sub-domain BI (> about 400 m).
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Acknowledgements
The COSMO-CLM simulations analyzed have been conducted at the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS). We are indebted to the COSMO and CLM communities for providing access to and support for the model, as well as to MeteoSwiss and ECMWF for providing access to the ERA40 data set. The ENSEMBLES data used in this work was funded by the EU FP6 Integrated Project ENSEMBLES (Contract number 505539) whose support is gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge the E-OBS dataset from the ENSEMBLES project and the data providers in the ECA&D project (http://eca.knmi.nl). Partial funding for this study has been provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation via NCCR Climate. We are thankful to the Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM) for modeling support and to Dr. Tracy Ewen for her valuable input.
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Kotlarski, S., Bosshard, T., Lüthi, D. et al. Elevation gradients of European climate change in the regional climate model COSMO-CLM. Climatic Change 112, 189–215 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0195-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0195-5