Abstract
We evaluate the usefulness of gill rakers as a post-hatch developmental marker in salmon by tracking development in undisturbed and stressed yolk-bearing salmon embryos. Native pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from Auke Creek, Juneau, Alaska and genetically stressed outbred hybrids between Auke Creek and Pillar Creek (Kodiak Island) salmon were incubated in ambient-temperature Auke Creek water. Environmentally stressed native embryos were reared in water that was 2 to 4 °C warmer than ambient. The sum of rakers on the first left and right branchial arches of natives reared at ambient temperatures averaged 23.20 (SD ± 1.64) per embryo when post-hatch sampling began. The subsequent increase in raker counts was linear and positively correlated with the accumulation of thermal units until counts reached maxima 223 days after fertilization, which coincided with the complete consumption of yolk reserves. The average maximum raker count was 39.55 (SD ± 1.76) per embryo, which is substantially fewer than the 60 rakers typically observed in adults. Neither raker development nor yolk consumption patterns were affected by hybridization. Elevated incubation temperatures accelerated raker formation and yolk consumption in native embryos, but the number of rakers associated with a given amount of yolk was the same regardless of temperature suggesting that changes in yolk consumption rate and raker development rate did not influence raker counts. These results indicate that rakers are easily observed and counted, grow in a predictable sequence, and are developmentally stable in the face of both genetic and environmental stress, thereby making them potentially reliable post-hatch developmental markers.
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Acknowledgments
This publication is the result of research sponsored by Alaska Sea Grant with funds from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office (NOAA) of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce, under grant no. NA 86RG0050 (project no. R/31–06). We thank NOAA Fisheries AFSC for the use and operation of the Auke Creek Research Station, as well as the Alaska Department of Fish and Game’s Mark, Tag, and Age Laboratory (Ron Josephson, Director) for providing additional funding, laboratory facilities, and logistical support. Special thanks go to Peter Hagen at NOAA who helped develop the image analysis system. We would also like to acknowledge P. Hagen, G. Cailliet, and M. Adkison for providing critical reviews of this manuscript. The protocol for this research was approved by the University of Alaska, Fairbanks Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee as governed by regulations of the US Department of Agriculture and US Institute of Health.
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Oxman, D.S., Smoker, W.W. & Gharrett, A.J. Developmental progression of gill rakers as a post-hatch developmental marker in pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha . Environ Biol Fish 96, 677–689 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-012-0058-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-012-0058-6