Abstract
In the present study, the mechanical properties and the residual stress–strain behavior of lightweight concrete (LWC) containing pumice coarse aggregate and rock wool waste (consisting of mineral fibers) were explored prior to and following thermal loading. Key variables included the volume percentage of rock wool waste (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) and exposure temperature (20°C, 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C). Here, parameters playing a role in the compressive performance of LWC containing rock wool waste were examined. These parameters included the elastic modulus, compressive strength, strain at peak stress, ultimate strain, toughness index, stress–strain relationship, and failure mode. Then, several empirical relationships were proposed to predict different mechanical characteristics in terms of temperature and volume percentage of rock wool. Furthermore, the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and strain at peak stress values were compared to the prediction results of the ACI 216, EN 1994-1-2, ASCE, and CEB-FIP 1990 codes. The results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the LWC specimens were degraded with temperature. The highest degradation in the temperature range under study occurred at 600°C, with around 50% and 80% drop in the compressive strength and elastic modulus, respectively. Furthermore, after exposure to 600°C, an increase of 2 to 2.8 folds occurred in the strain at peak stress and an increase of 2.6 to 3.4 folds occurred in the ultimate strain of the specimens relative to those at the ambient temperature. In the end, two stress–strain models were presented to capture the compressive performance of LWC including rock wool waste after elevated temperature exposure based on the empirical equations obtained for the mechanical characteristics. These models showed a relatively good correlation with the experimental data.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chung S-Y, Abd Elrahman M, Sikora P, Rucinska T, Horszczaruk E, Stephan D (2017) Evaluation of the effects of crushed and expanded waste glass aggregates on the material properties of lightweight concrete using image-based approaches. Materials 10(12):1354
Committe A (2009) 213 (nd) Guide for structural lightweight-aggregate concrete (ACI 213R-03). ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, 1–20
Real S, Gomes MG, Rodrigues AM, Bogas JA (2016) Contribution of structural lightweight aggregate concrete to the reduction of thermal bridging effect in buildings. Constr Build Mater 121:460–470
ASTM C (2017) 332 Standard specification for lightweight aggregates for insulating concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standard, West Conshohocken, USA
Ahmad MR, Chen B, Shah SFA (2019) Investigate the influence of expanded clay aggregate and silica fume on the properties of lightweight concrete. Constr Build Mater 220:253–266
Nematzadeh M, Baradaran-Nasiri A, Hosseini M (2019) Effect of pozzolans on mechanical behavior of recycled refractory brick concrete in fire. Struct Eng Mech 72(3):339–354
Shah SNR, Akashah FW, Shafigh P (2019) Performance of high strength concrete subjected to elevated temperatures: a review. Fire Technol 55(5):1571–1597
Nematzadeh M, Fallah-Valukolaee S (2017) Erosion resistance of high-strength concrete containing forta-ferro fibers against sulfuric acid attack with an optimum design. Constr Build Mater 154:675–686
Wang P, Shah S, Naaman A (1978) Stress-strain curves of normal and lightweight concrete in compression. J Proc 11:603–611
Parhizkar T, Najimi M, Pourkhorshidi A (2012) Application of pumice aggregate in structural lightweight concrete. Asian J Civ Eng 13(1):43–54
Xiaopeng L (2005) Structural lightweight concrete with pumice aggregate. Master’s Thesis, National University of Singapore, 166 pages
Ramírez CP, Barriguete AV, Somolinos RS, del Río MM, Sánchez EA (2020) Analysis of fire resistance of cement mortars with mineral wool from recycling. Constr Build Mater 265:120349
Jiřičková M, Černý R (2006) Effect of hydrophilic admixtures on moisture and heat transport and storage parameters of mineral wool. Constr Build Mater 20(6):425–434
Wei M-S, Huang K-H (2001) Recycling and reuse of industrial wastes in Taiwan. Waste Manage 21(1):93–97
Chen C, Huang R, Wu J, Yang C (2006) Waste E-glass particles used in cementitious mixtures. Cement Concr Res 36(3):449–456
Cheng A, Lin W-T, Huang R (2011) Application of rock wool waste in cement-based composites. Mater Des 32(2):636–642
Lin W-T, Cheng A, Huang R, Zou S-Y (2013) Improved microstructure of cement-based composites through the addition of rock wool particles. Mater Charact 84:1–9
Lin W-T, Cheng A, Huang R, Wu Y-C, Han T-Y (2013) Rock wool wastes as a supplementary cementitious material replacement in cement-based composites. Comput Concr 11(2):93–104
Figueiredo FP, Huang S-S, Angelakopoulos H, Pilakoutas K, Burgess I (2019) Effects of recycled steel and polymer fibres on explosive fire spalling of concrete. Fire Technol 55(5):1495–1516
Jin L, Hao H, Zhang R, Du X (2020) Mesoscale simulation on the effect of elevated temperature on dynamic compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete. Fire Technol 56:1801–1823
Hertz KD (2005) Concrete strength for fire safety design. Mag Concr Res 57(8):445–453
Mousavimehr M, Nematzadeh M (2019) Predicting post-fire behavior of crumb rubber aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 229:116834
Baloch WL, Khushnood RA, Memon SA, Ahmed W, Ahmad S (2018) Effect of elevated temperatures on mechanical performance of normal and lightweight concretes reinforced with carbon nanotubes. Fire Technol 54(5):1331–1367
Nematzadeh M, Shahmansouri AA, Fakoor M (2020) Post-fire compressive strength of recycled PET aggregate concrete reinforced with steel fibers: optimization and prediction via RSM and GEP. Constr Build Mater 252:119057
Tanyildizi H, Coskun A (2008) Performance of lightweight concrete with silica fume after high temperature. Constr Build Mater 22(10):2124–2129
Ren P, Hou X, Rong Q, Zheng W (2020) Quantifying fire insulation effects on the fire response of hybrid-fiber reinforced reactive powder concrete beams. Fire Technol 56;1487–1525
Gales J, Parker T, Cree D, Green M (2016) Fire performance of sustainable recycled concrete aggregates: mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and current research needs. Fire Technol 52(3):817–845
Bideci ÖS (2016) The effect of high temperature on lightweight concretes produced with colemanite coated pumice aggregates. Constr Build Mater 113:631–640
Arel HŞ, Shaikh FUA (2018) Effects of silica fume fineness on mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced lightweight concretes subjected to ambient and elevated temperatures exposure. Struct Concr 19(6):1829–1837
Müller A, Leydolph B, Stanelle K (2009) Recycling mineral wool waste: technologies for the conversion of the fiber structure, Part 1. Interceram 58(6):378–381
Stonys R, Kuznetsov D, Krasnikovs A, Škamat J, Baltakys K, Antonovič V, Černašėjus O (2016) Reuse of ultrafine mineral wool production waste in the manufacture of refractory concrete. J Environ Manage 176:149–156
ASTM C (2017) 330 Standard specification for lightweight aggregates for structural concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standard. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA
ASTM C (2018) 33 2018 Standard specification for concrete aggregates. West Conshohocken, USA
Akers DJ, Gruber RD, Ramme BW, Boyle MJ, Grygar JG, Rowe SK, Bremner TW, Kluckowski ES, Sheetz SR, Burg RG (2003) Guide for structural lightweight-aggregate concrete. ACI 213R-03. American Concrete Institute (ACI), Michigan
ASTM A (2020) C143/C143M-20-Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA
Standardization IOf (2012) Fire-resistance tests: elements of building construction. Commentary on test method and guide to the application of the outputs from the fire-resistance test. ISO
C39/C39M A (2020) Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. Annual Book of ASTM Standards
ASTM C (2014) 469 Test method for static modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 4
Ramírez CP, Barriguete AV, Somolinos RS, del Río Merino M, Sánchez EA (2020) Analysis of fire resistance of cement mortars with mineral wool from recycling. Constr Build Mater 265:120349
216 A (1981) Guide for determining the fire endurance of concrete elements. American Concrete Institute, Report No ACI 216R-81. Concrete International, pp 13–47
ASCE (1992) Structural fire protection. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York
Eurocode E (1994) 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures part 1–2: General rules–structural fire design. British Standards Institution, BS EN, pp 1–2
Ahn Y, Jang JG, Lee H-K (2016) Mechanical properties of lightweight concrete made with coal ashes after exposure to elevated temperatures. Cement Concr Compos 72:27–38
Janotka I, Nürnbergerová T (2005) Effect of temperature on structural quality of the cement paste and high-strength concrete with silica fume. Nucl Eng Des 235(17–19):2019–2032
Nematzadeh M, Baradaran-Nasiri A (2018) Residual properties of concrete containing recycled refractory brick aggregate at elevated temperatures. J Mater Civ Eng 30(1):04017255
Nematzadeh M, Mousavimehr M (2019) Residual compressive stress-strain relationship for hybrid recycled PET–Crumb rubber aggregate concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures. J Mater Civ Eng 31(8):04019136
Euro-Internation C-FC (1991) Fire design of concrete structures in accordance with CEB/FIP model code 90. Lausanne, Switzerland
Andiç-Çakır Ö, Hızal S (2012) Influence of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties and microstructure of self consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 34:575–583
Tassios T (1989) Specific rules for concrete structures. Background Document for Eurocode, pp 1–123
Nematzadeh M, Hasan-Nattaj F (2017) Compressive stress-strain model for high-strength concrete reinforced with forta-ferro and steel fibers. J Mater Civ Eng 29(10):04017152
Nematzadeh M, Karimi A, Fallah-Valukolaee S (2020) Compressive performance of steel fiber-reinforced rubberized concrete core detached from heated CFST. Constr Build Mater 239:117832
Nematzadeh M, Salari A, Ghadami J, Naghipour M (2016) Stress-strain behavior of freshly compressed concrete under axial compression with a practical equation. Constr Build Mater 115:402–423
Carreira DJ, Chu K-H (1985) Stress–strain relationship for plain concrete in compression. J Proc 6:797–804
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bahrami, A., Nematzadeh, M. Effect of Rock Wool Waste on Compressive Behavior of Pumice Lightweight Aggregate Concrete After Elevated Temperature Exposure. Fire Technol 57, 1425–1456 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-01070-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-01070-1