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Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on cortisol production and gene expression in stress response in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) post-larvae

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Abstract

Dietary fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid (ARA), affect cortisol and may influence the expression of genes involved in stress response in fish. The involvement of ARA on stress, lipid, and eicosanoid metabolism genes, in Senegalese sole, was tested. Post-larvae were fed Artemia presenting graded ARA levels (0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.7, and 2.3 %, dry matter basis), from 22 to 35 days after hatch. Whole-body cortisol levels were determined, before and 3 h after a 2 min air exposure, as well as the expression of phospholipase A2 (PLA 2 ), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Relative growth rate (6.0–7.8 % day−1) and survival at the end of the experiment (91–96 %) and after stress (100 %) were unaffected. Fish reflected dietary ARA content and post-stress cortisol increased with ARA supply up to 1.7 %, whereas 2.3 % ARA seemed to enhance basal cortisol slightly and alter the response to stress. Results suggested that elevating StAR transcription might not be necessary for a short-term response to acute stress. Basal cortisol and PLA 2 expression were strongly correlated, indicating a potential role for this enzyme in steroidogenesis. Under basal conditions, larval ARA was associated with GR1 expression, whereas the glucocorticoid responsive gene PEPCK was strongly related with cortisol but not GR1 mRNA levels, suggesting the latter might not reflect the amount of GR1 protein in sole. Furthermore, a possible role for PPARα in the expression of PEPCK following acute stress is proposed.

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Abbreviations

LC-PUFA:

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

SAFA:

Saturated fatty acids

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acids

ARA:

Arachidonic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

HPI:

Hypothalamus–pituitary–interrenal

PLA2 :

Phospholipase A2

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

PPARα:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

StAR:

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

GR:

Glucocorticoid receptor

PEPCK:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

RGR:

Relative growth rate

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” (FCT, Portugal; PTDC/MAR/67017/2006), “Consolider—Ingenio 2010” programme (Plan Nacional I + D+I + FEDER, Spain; CSD2007-00002), MCYT + FEDER (Plan Nacional I + D+I, Spain; AGL2007-64450-C02-01), POCTEP Programme (0251-ECOAQUA-5-E). This research also benefited from the grants SFRH/BPD/32469/2006 (FCT, Portugal) and COST-STSM-FA0801-5429 (LARVANET).

Conflict of interest

D. Alves Martins, G. Martínez-Rodríguez, F. Rocha, F. Castanheira, A. Mendes, P. Pousão-Ferreira, N. Bandarra, J. Coutinho, S. Morais, M. Yúfera, L.E.C. Conceição ensure the integrity of the work and none have conflicts of interest to the subject of the manuscript. D.A.M., S.M. and L.E.C.C. designed the research; D.A.M., S.M. and F.C. formulated and manufactured the diets; A.M., P.P.F., D.A.M., F.C., F.R., G.M.R., N.B. and J.C. conducted the experiment; P.P.F., M.Y., and L.E.C.C. provided essential reagents or materials; D.A.M. and F.R. performed the statistical analysis; D.A.M., G.M.R., S.M., M.Y., and L.E.C.C. contributed for manuscript writing; D.A.M. had primary responsibility for the final content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    Dulce Alves Martins, Filipa Rocha, Filipa Castanheira & Luís E. C. Conceição

  2. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Apartado Oficial, E-11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain

    Dulce Alves Martins, Manuel Yúfera & Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez

  3. Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar (INRB/IPIMAR), Av. Brasília, 1499-006, Lisbon, Portugal

    Narcisa Bandarra & Joana Coutinho

  4. IPIMAR/CRIPSul, Av. 5 de Outubro, 8700-305, Olhão, Portugal

    Ana Mendes & Pedro Pousão-Ferreira

  5. Centre de Sant Carles de la Rápita, IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Tarragona, Spain

    Sofia Morais

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  1. Dulce Alves Martins
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  11. Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
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Correspondence to Dulce Alves Martins.

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Alves Martins, D., Rocha, F., Castanheira, F. et al. Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on cortisol production and gene expression in stress response in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) post-larvae. Fish Physiol Biochem 39, 1223–1238 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-013-9778-6

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