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Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on Toll-like receptor activation in primary leucocytes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

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Abstract

The shortage of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the international markets has led to increasing substitution of fish oil by plant oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feed and thereby reducing the EPA and DHA content in salmon. However, the minimum required levels of these fatty acids in fish diets for securing fish health are unknown. Fish were fed with 0, 1 or 2% EPA or DHA alone or in combination of both over a period, growing from 50 to 400 g. Primary head kidney leucocytes were isolated and stimulated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to determine if EPA and DHA deficiency can affect expression of important immune genes and eicosanoid production. Several genes related to viral immune response did not vary between groups. However, there was a tendency that the high-level EPA and DHA groups expressed lower levels of IL-1β in non-stimulated leucocytes. These leucocytes were also more responsive to the TLR ligands, inducing higher expression levels of IL-1β and Mx1 after stimulation. The levels of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 in serum and media from stimulated leucocytes were lower in both low and high EPA and DHA groups. In conclusion, leucocytes from low EPA and DHA groups seemed to be less responsive towards immunostimulants, like TLR ligands, indicating that low levels or absence of dietary EPA and DHA may have immunosuppressive effects.

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Abbreviations

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptors

PAMPs:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PLA2:

Phospholipase A2

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

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Acknowledgements

The work was supported by Norwegian Research Council (NRC 224913) and The Norwegian Seafood Research Fund (FHF 900957). The authors wish to thank Anne-Lise Rishovd for excellent technical assistance

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway

    Marianne Arnemo, Arturas Kavaliauskis, Adriana Magalhaes Santos Andresen & Tor Gjøen

  2. Nofima, P. O. Box 210, 1431, Ås, Norway

    Marta Bou, Gerd Marit Berge & Bente Ruyter

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  1. Marianne Arnemo
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  2. Arturas Kavaliauskis
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  3. Adriana Magalhaes Santos Andresen
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  4. Marta Bou
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  5. Gerd Marit Berge
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  6. Bente Ruyter
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  7. Tor Gjøen
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Correspondence to Tor Gjøen.

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Statement of relevance

The shortage of n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on the international markets has led to increasing substitution of fish oil by plant oils in Atlantic salmon feed and thereby reducing the EPA and DHA content of salmon. However, the effects of very low dietary levels of these fatty acids on fish health are unknown and therefore important to examine.

Highlights

• Salmon head kidney EPA/DHA composition correlated with dietary EPA/DHA.

• Head kidney EPA correlated negatively with IL-1β expression in salmon leucocytes.

• Induction of immune transcripts was reduced in leucocytes from low EPA/DHA groups.

• Prostaglandin levels were affected by dietary EPA/DHA.

• Dietary EPA/DHA may be important in resistance to infection and vaccine effect.

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Arnemo, M., Kavaliauskis, A., Andresen, A.M.S. et al. Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on Toll-like receptor activation in primary leucocytes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Physiol Biochem 43, 1065–1080 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-017-0353-4

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