Skip to main content
Log in

Digestive Enzyme Secretion, Intuition, and the History of Science: Part II

  • Published:
Foundations of Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A companion paper explored the role of intuition in the genesis of an alternative theory for the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes, looking through the lens of three philosophers/historians of science. Gerald Holton, the last scholar, proposed that scientific imagination is shaped by a number of thematic presuppositions, which function largely below awareness. They come in pairs of opposites that alternately gain cultural preeminence. The current paper examines three thematic presuppositions inherent to both the generally accepted model for digestive enzyme secretion and most consciousness-centered views of higher-level cognition—discreteness, reduction, and simplicity. Since they often build on each other, together they are referred to as the simplicity worldview. Also considered are the three opposite thematic assumptions inherent to both the alternative model for digestive enzyme secretion and intuition-friendly views of higher-level cognition—the continuum, holism, and complexity—together referred to as the complexity worldview. The article highlights the potential importance to scientific knowledge of this currently less favored worldview.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acker F. (2008) New findings on unconscious versus conscious thought in decision making: Additional empirical data and meta-analysis. Judgment and Decision Making 3: 292–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Baars B. (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Baars B. (1997) In the theater of consciousness: Global workspace theory, a rigorous scientific theory of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 4: 292–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Baars B. (1999) In the theater of consciousness: The workspace of the mind. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Baars B. (2002) The conscious access hypothesis: Origins in recent evidence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6: 47–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahrami B., Lavie N., Rees G. (2007) Attentional load modulates responses of human primary visual cortex to invisible stimuli. Current Biology 17: 509–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bejerano B., Pheasant M., Makunin I., Stephen S., Kent W. J., Mattick J. S., Haussler D. (2004) Ultraconserved elements in the human genome. PNAS 103: 5676–5681

    Google Scholar 

  • Block N. (1990) Consciousness and accessibility. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13: 596–598

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolte A., Goschke T. (2005) On the speed of intuition: Intuitive judgments of semantic coherence under different response deadlines. Memory and Cognition 33: 1248–1255

    Google Scholar 

  • Bortorf H. (1996) The wholeness of nature: Goethe’s way towards a science of conscious participation in nature. Lindisfarne Press, Hudson, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowers K. S., Regehr G., Balthazard C., Parker K. (1990) Intuition in the context of discovery. Cognitive Psychology 22: 72–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budinger E., Heil P., Hess A., Scheich H. (2006) Multisensory processing via early cortical stages: Connections of the primary auditory cortical field with other sensory systems. Neuroscience 143: 1065–1083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caro L. C., Palade G. E. (1964) Protein synthesis, storage and discharge in the pancreatic acinar cell. Journal of Cell Biology 20: 473–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christoff K., Gordon A. M., Smallwood J., Smith R., Schooler J. W. (2009) Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. PNAS 106: 8719–8724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleeremans A. (2008) Consciousness: The radical plasticity thesis. Progress in Brain Science 168: 19–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleeremans A., Jiménez L. (2002) Implicit learning and consciousness: A graded, dynamic perspective. In: French M., Cleeremans A. (eds) Implicit learning and consciousness: An empirical, philosophical and computational consensus in the making. Psychology Press, New York, pp 1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawley S. F., French C. C., Yesson S. A. (2002) Evidence for transliminality from a subliminal card-guessing task. Perception 31: 887–892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio A. R. (1994) Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehaene S., Naccache L., Le Clec H. G., Koechlin E., Mueller M., Dehaene-Lambertz G., van de Moortele P. F., Le Bihan D. (1998) Imaging unconscious semantic priming. Nature 395: 597–600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dehaene S., Sergeant C., Changeux J. (2003) A neuronal network model linking subjective reports an objective physiological data during conscious perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 8520–8525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dehaene S., Changeux J., Naccache L., Sackur J., Sergent C. (2006) Conscious, preconscious and subliminal processing: A testable taxonomy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10: 204–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Destrebecqz A., Cleeremans A. (2003) Temporal effects in sequence learning. In: Jiménez L. (eds) Attention and implicit learning. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp 180–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes Z., Perner Z. (2003) Unifying consciousness with explicit knowledge. In: Cleeremans A. (eds) The unity of consciousness: Binding integration and dissociation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 214–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienes Z., Scott R. (2005) Measuring unconscious knowledge: Distinguishing structural knowledge and judgment knowledge. Psychological Research 69: 338–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dijksterhuis A., Bos M. W., Nordgren L. F., van Baaren R. B. (2006) On making the right choice: The deliberation-without-attention effect. Science 311: 1005–1007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dijksterhuis A., Meurs T. (2006) Where creativity resides: The generative power of unconscious thought. Consciousness and Cognition 15: 135–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driver J., Noesselt T. (2008) Multisensory interplay reveals crossmodal influences on ‘sensory-specific’ brain regions, neural responses, and judgments. Neuron 57: 11–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edelman G. M., Tononi G. (2000) A universe of consciousness: How matter became imagination. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Elman J., Bates J., Johnson M., Karmiloff-Smith A., Parisi D., Plunkett K. (1996) Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleck J., Green D., Stevenson J., Payne L., Bowden E., Jung-Beeman M., Kunios J. (2008) The transliminal brain at rest: Baseline EEG, unusual experiences, and access to unconscious mental activity. Cortex 44: 1353–1363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher P. C., Zafiris O., Frith C. D., Honey R. A. E., Corlett P. R., Zilles K., Fink G. R. (2007) On the benefits of not trying: Brain activity and connectivity reflecting the interactions of explicit and implicit sequence learning. Cerebral Cortex 15: 1002–1015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman W. J. (1991) The physiology of perception. Scientific American 264: 78–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman W. J. (1998) How brains make up their minds. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu Q., Fu X., Dienes Z. (2008) Implicit sequence learning and conscious awareness. Consciousness and Cognition 17: 185–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaillard R., Cohen L., Adam C., Clemenceau S., Hasboun D., Baulac M., Willer J., Dehaene S., Naccache L. (2007) Subliminal words durably affect neuronal activity. NeuroReport 18: 1527–1531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaillard R., Del Cul A., Naccache L., Vinckier F., Cohen L., Dehaene S. (2006) Nonconscious semantic processing of emotional words modulates conscious access. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 7524–7529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gladwell M. (2005) Blink: The power of thinking without thinking. Little Brown, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Goncz K. K., Rothman S. S. (1995) A transmembrane pore can account for protein movement across zymogen granule membrane. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1238: 91–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gumbart J., Schulten K. (2006) Molecular dynamics studies of the archaeal translocon. Biophysical Journal 90: 2356–2367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holton G. (1973) Thematic origins of scientific thought: Kepler to Einstein. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Holton G. (1998) The Scientific imagination. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Isenman, L. D. (1980). Digestive enzyme transport and secretion in the Pancreas. Dissertation, University of California.

  • Isenman L. D. (1997) Towards an understanding of intuition and its importance in scientific endeavor. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 40: 395–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Isenman, L. D. (2009). Trusting your gut, among other things: Digestive enzyme secretion, intuition, and the history of science. Foundations of Science, 14. doi:10.1007/s10699-009-9140-0

  • Isenman, L. D. (2010). Understanding intuition: A sense of the whole.

  • Isenman L.D., Liebow C., Rothman S.S. (1995) Protein transport across membranes: A paradigm in transition. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1241: 341–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Isenman L. D., Liebow C., Rothman S. S. (1999) The endocrine secretion of mammalian digestive enzymes by exocrine glands. American Journal of Physiology 276: E223–E232

    Google Scholar 

  • Isenman L. D., Rothman S. S. (1977) Transport of alpha-amylase across the basolateral membrane of the pancreatic acinar cell. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 74: 4068–4072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isenman L. D., Rothman S. S. (1979a) Diffusion-like processes can account for protein secretion by the pancreas. Science 204: 1212–1215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isenman L. D., Rothman S. S. (1979) Transpancreatic transport of digestive enzymes. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 585: 321–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackendoff R. (1987) Consciousness and the computational mind. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y., Costello P., Fang F., Huang M., He S. (2006) A gender- and sexual orientation-dependent spatial attentional effect of invisible images. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 17048–17052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joliot A., Prochiantz A. (2005) Transduction peptides: From technology to physiology. Nature Cell Biology 6: 189–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung-Beeman M., Bowen E. M. (2000) The right hemisphere maintains solution-related activation for yet-to-be-solved problems. Memory and Cognition 28: 1231–1241

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung-Beeman M., Bowden E. M., Haberman J., Frymiare J. L., Aerameel-Liu S., Greenblatt R. et al (2004) Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. PLoS Biology 2: 0500–0510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanai R., Tsuchiya N., Verstraten F. A. J. (2006) The scope and limits of top-down attention in unconscious visual processing. Current Biology 16: 2332–2336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly R. (1985) Pathways of protein secretion in eukaryotes. Science 230: 25–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kounios J., Frymiare J. L., Bowden E. M., Fleck J. I., Subramaniam K., Parrish T. B. et al (2006) The prepared mind: Neural activity prior to problem presentation predicts subsequent solution by sudden insight. Psychological Science 17: 882–890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kukley M., Capetillo-Zarante E., Dietrich D. (2007) Vesicular glutamate release from axons in white matter. Nature Neuroscience 10(3): 311–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau H., Passingham R. (2006) Relative blindsight in normal observers and the neural correlates of visual consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103: 18736–18768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau H., Passingham R. (2007) Unconscious activation of the cognitive control system in the human prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 27: 5805–5811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee P. A., Tullman-Ercek D., Georgiou G. (2006) Bacterial twin-arginine translocation pathway. Annual Review of Microbiology 60: 373–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebow C., Rothman S. S. (1975) Enteropancreatic circulation of digestive enzymes. Science 189: 472–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebow C., Rothman S. S. (1976) Equilibration of pancreatic digestive enzymes across zymogen granule membranes. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 455: 241–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maia T., Cleeremans A. (2006) Consciousness: Converging insights from connectionist modeling and neuroscience. Trends in Cognitive Science 9: 397–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangan B. (1993) Taking phenomenology seriously: The “fringe” and its implications for cognitive research. Consciousness and Cognition 2: 89–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangan, B. (2001). Sensations ghost: The non-sensory “fringe” of consciousness. PSYCHE 7. http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v7/psyche-7-18-mangan.html.

  • Mason M., Norton M. I., Van Horn J., Wegner D. M., Grafton S., Macrae C. N. (2007) Wandering minds: The default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science 315: 393–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland J. L., Rumelhart D. E. (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe J. (2000) Feelings and judgments of knowing: Is there a special noetic state?. Consciousness and Cognition 9: 179–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller G. A. (1956) The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. The Psychological Review 63: 81–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvenna C. M., Walsh V. (2006) Synesthesia: Supernormal integration?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10: 350–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naccache L., Dehaene S. (2001) Unconscious semantic priming extends to novel unseen stimuli. Cognition 80: 215–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura K., Dehaene S., Jobert A., Le Bihan D., Kouider S. (2005) Subliminal convergence of Kanji and Kana words: Further evidence for functional parcellation of the posterior temporal cortex in visual word perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17: 954–968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura K., Hara N., Kouider S., Takayama Y., Hanajima R., Sakai K., Ugawa Y. (2006) Task-guided selection on dual neural pathways for reading. Neuron 52: 557–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norman E., Price M. C., Duff S. C. (2006) Fringe consciousness in sequence learning: The influence of individual differences. Consciousness and Cognition 15: 723–760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norman E., Price M. C., Duff S. C., Mentzoni R. A. (2007) Gradations of awareness in a modified sequence learning task. Consciousness and Cognition 16: 809–837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palade G. E. (1975) Intracellular aspects of the process of protein synthesis. Science 189: 347–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palade G. E, Siekevitz P., Cara L. G. (1962) Structure, chemistry and function of the pancreatic exocrine cell. In: DeReuck A., Cameron N. (eds) Ciba foundation symposium on the exocrine pancreas: Normal and abnormal functions. Churchill, London, pp 23–39

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Panek, P. (2007, April 11). Out there. New York Times.

  • Pessiglione M., Petrovic P., Daunizeau J., Palminteri S., Dolan R. J., Frith C. D. (2008) Subliminal instrumental conditioning demonstrated in the human brain. Neuron 59: 561–567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reber A. S. (1996) Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. Oxford University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman S. S. (1967) Non-parallel transport of enzyme protein by the pancreas. Nature 213: 460–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman S. S. (1975) Protein transport by the pancreas. Science 190: 747–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman S. S. (1976) The digestive enzymes of the pancreas: A mixture of inconstant proportions. Annual Review of Physiology 39: 373–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman S. S. (1980) The passage of proteins through membranes—Old assumptions and new perspectives. American Journal of Physiology 238: G391–G402

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman S. S. (2002) Lessons from the living cell: The limits of reductionism. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman S. S., Isenman L. D. (1974) The secretion of digestive enzyme derived from two parallel intracellular pools. American Journal of Physiology 226: 1082–1087

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagiv N., Ward J. (2006) Cross modal interactions: Lessons from synesthesia. Progress in Brain Research 155: 259–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schleghecken F., Klapp S. T., Maylor A. (2009) Either or neither, but not both: Locating the effects of masked primes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276: 515–521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz A. R., Kim D., Watanebe T. (2009) Rewards evoke learning of unconsciously processed visual stimuli in adult humans. Neuron 61: 700–707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spivey J. M. (2007) The continuity of mind. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart J. (2007) The future evolution of consciusness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 14: 58–92

    Google Scholar 

  • van Gaal S., Ridderinkhof K.R., van den Wildenberg W.P.M., Lamme V.A.F. (2008) Dissociating consciousness from inhibitory control: Evidence for unconsciously triggered response inhibition in stop-signal task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 28: 8053–8062

    Google Scholar 

  • Volz G., von Cramon D. Y. (2006) What neuroscience can tell about intuitive processes in the context of perceptual discovery. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18: 2077–2087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wickner W., Schekman R. (2005) Protein translocation across biological membranes. Science 310: 1452–1456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Z., Jakes K., Samelson-Jones B., Lai B., Zhao Z., London E., Finkelstein A. (2006) Protein translocation by bacterial toxin channels: A comparison of diphtheria toxin and colicin. Biophysical Journal 91: 3249–3256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong C., Dijksterhuis A., Galinsky A. D. (2008) The merits of unconscious thought in creativity. Psychological Science 19: 912–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lois Isenman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Isenman, L. Digestive Enzyme Secretion, Intuition, and the History of Science: Part II. Found Sci 14, 331–349 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-009-9163-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-009-9163-1

Keywords

Navigation