Abstract
Earthquake-induced liquefaction is responsible for the extensive damage to the infrastructures in both developed and developing cities. Chattogram, the second largest city of Bangladesh and one of the vital port city in the south Asian region is situated in the active seismic region, and the frequency of recent small magnitude earthquakes around the city reveals that a significant earthquake of probable magnitude 7.0 or higher is due. Therefore, liquefaction severity at different locations of Chattogram Metropolitan Area is estimated based on the in situ parameters. Two widely used liquefaction assessment procedures has been applied to estimate the liquefaction susceptibility at the selected locations. Later, geospatial techniques are applied to prepare a hazard map based on liquefaction potential of discrete locations. The flat tidal part of the city is identified as extremely liquefy prone areas, while the small hillocks and nearby areas at the central part of city are safe against liquefaction hazard. Geological variation of parameter in all directions are also taken into account to prepare the hazard map. Predicted liquefaction potential is then compared with a second data set and the linear regression between the observed and predicted liquefaction potential portray consistent approximation in all cases. Case studies and practical experience also justify the developed hazard map. Therefore, the developed hazard map can be a useful tool for the disaster mitigation policy of Bangladesh Government.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) (2015)
Bolton Seed H, Tokimatsu K, Harder LF, Chung RM (2008) Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations. J Geotech Eng 111:1425–1445. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:12(1425)
BridgeAuthority B (2013) Feasibility study for multi-lane road tunnel under the river Karnaphuli. Chittagong, Bangladesh
Cetin KO, Seed RB, Der Kiureghian A et al (2004) Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130:1314–1340. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1314)
Chang M, Kuo CP, Shau SH, Hsu RE (2011) Comparison of SPT-N-based analysis methods in evaluation of liquefaction potential during the 1999 Chi-chi earthquake in Taiwan. Comput Geotech 38:393–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.01.003
Choudhury D, Phanikanth VS, Mhaske SY et al (2015) Seismic liquefaction hazard and site response for design of piles in Mumbai city. Indian Geotech J 45:62–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-014-0108-4
Cubrinovski M, Bray JD, Tayor M et al (2011) Soil liquefaction effects in the central business district during the february 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Seismol Res Lett 82:893–904. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl
Dawson KM, Baise LG (2005) Three-dimensional liquefaction potential analysis using geostatistical interpolation. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 25:369–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.02.008
Dixit J, Dewaikar DM, Jangid RS (2012) Soil liquefaction studies at Mumbai city. Nat Hazards 63:375–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0154-0
Gautam D, de Magistris FS, Fabbrocino G (2017) Soil liquefaction in Kathmandu valley due to 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 97:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.03.001
Huang Y, Miao Y (2017) Hazard analysis of seismic soil liquefaction. In: Hazard analysis of seismic soil liquefaction, pp 35–59
Idriss IM, Boulanger RW (2006) Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 26:115–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.11.023
Iwasaki T, Tokida K, Tatsuoka F (1981) Soil liquefaction potential evaluation with use of the simplified procedure. In: International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, pp 209–214
Kajihara K, Mohan R, Kiyota T, Konagai K (2013) Liquefaction-induced ground subsidence extracted from digital surface models and its application to hazard map of Urayasu city, Japan. In: The 15th asian regional conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, pp 829–834
Kasai K, Maison BF (1997) Building pounding damage during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Eng Struct 19:195–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(96)00082-X
Khan FH (1991) Geology of Bangladesh. Wiley, New York
Khan AA (2010) Earthquake, tsunami and geology of Bangladesh. University Grants Commission of Bangladesh, Dhaka
Kidmose J, Engesgaard P, Nilsson B et al (2011) Spatial distribution of seepage at a flow-through lake: lake Hampen, Western Denmark. Vadose Zo J 10:110. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2010.0017
Konagai K, Kiyota T, Suyama S et al (2013) Maps of soil subsidence for Tokyo bay shore areas liquefied in the March 11th, 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 53:240–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.06.012
Kuribayashi E, Tatsuoka F (1975) Brief review of liquefaction during earthquakes in Japan. Soils Found 15:81–92. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.37.3229
Madabhushi GSP, Haigh SK (2012) How well do we understand earthquake induced liquefaction? Indian Geotech J 42:150–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-012-0018-2
Maurer BW, Green RA, Taylor ODS (2015) Moving towards an improved index for assessing liquefaction hazard: lessons from historical data. Soils Found 55:778–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.06.010
Mendes RM, Lorandi R (2010) Geospatial analysis of geotechnical data applied to urban infrastructure planning. J Geogr Inf Syst 02:23–31. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2010.21006
Mhaske SY, Choudhury D (2011) Geospatial contour mapping of shear wave velocity for Mumbai city. Nat Hazards 59:317–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9758-z
Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (2015) Seismic risk assessment in Bangladesh
Nandi A, Shakoor A (2010) A GIS-based landslide susceptibility evaluation using bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Eng Geol 110:11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.10.001
Neelima Satyam D, Rao KS (2014) Liquefaction hazard assessment using SPT and Vs for two cities in India. Indian Geotech J 44:468–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-014-0098-2
Pokhrel RM, Kiyota T (2016) Geotechnical Hazards from large earthquakes and heavy rainfalls. Geotech Hazards Large Earthq Heavy Rainfalls. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56205-4
Pokhrel RM, Kuwano J, Tachibana S (2013) A kriging method of interpolation used to map liquefaction potential over alluvial ground. Eng Geol 152:26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.10.003
Pradhan B, Mansor S, Pirasteh S, Buchroithner MF (2011) Landslide hazard and risk analyses at a landslide prone catchment area using statistical based geospatial model. Int J Remote Sens 32:4075–4087. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.484433
Rahman Z, Siddiqua S (2016) Liquefaction resistance evaluation of soils using standard penetration test blow count and shear wave velocity. In: Proceedings of the 69th Canadian geotechnical society paper no. 3715
Rahman MZ, Siddiqua S, Kamal ASMM (2015) Liquefaction hazard mapping by liquefaction potential index for Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Eng Geol 188:137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.01.012
Seed HB, Idriss IM (1970) A simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential
Sharma B, Hazarika PJ (2013) Assessment of liquefaction potential of Guwahati city: a case study. Geotech Geol Eng 31:1437–1452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9667-x
Steckler MS, Mondal DR, Akhter SH et al (2016) Locked and loading megathrust linked to active subduction beneath the Indo-Burman Ranges. Nat Geosci 9:615
Tohno I, Yasuda S (1981) Liquefaction of the ground during the 1978 Miyagiken-Oki earthquake. Soils Found 21:18–34. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.21.3_18
Tokimatsu K, Yoshimi Y (1983) Empirical correlation of soil liquefaction based on SPT N-value and fines content. Soils Found 23:56–74
Tokimatsu K, Kojima H, Kuwayama S et al (1994) Liquefaction-induced damage to buildings in 1990 Luzon earthquake. J Geotech Eng 120:290–307
Towhata I (2014) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Springer series in geomechanics and geoengineering. Springer, Berlin
Youd TL, Perkins DM (1978) Mapping of liquefaction induced ground failure potential. J Geotech Eng Div 104:433–446
Youd BTL, Idriss IM, Andrus RD et al (2001) Liquefaction resistance of soils: summary R Eport from the 1996 Nceer and 1998 Nceer/Nsf workshops on evaluation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127:817–833. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:10(817)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rahman, M.A., Ahmed, S. & Imam, M.O. Rational Way of Estimating Liquefaction Severity: An Implication for Chattogram, the Port City of Bangladesh. Geotech Geol Eng 38, 2359–2375 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01134-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01134-2