Density Perturbations in the Upper Atmosphere Caused by the Dissipation of Solar Wind Energy

Abstract

The upper atmosphere constitutes the outer region of the terrestrial gas envelope above about 100 km altitude. The energy budget of this outer gas layer is partly controlled by the dissipation of solar wind energy. Since this energy input is largely irregular, the resulting density changes are considered as perturbations. The properties and physics of such density perturbations are reviewed here. Besides being an important link in the complex chain of solar-terrestrial relations, such disturbances are also of practical interest because they affect the orbits of satellites and space stations and are responsible for ionospheric disturbance effects.

Appendix

1.1 Collection of publications on thermospheric density perturbations

This collection contains 492 papers on thermospheric density perturbations which were published between 1959 and 2009. Also included are 14 papers published in 2010 prior to the submission of this manuscript. They were found in various journals and books. With very few exceptions all papers contain at least a summary in English. It should be emphasized that not all of these publications deal exclusively with perturbation effects. In fact, in quite a few cases only subsections are dedicated to this subject. Not included in this collection are studies on temperature changes unless these were derived from density measurements and thus represent a convenient description of them. Also not included are studies dealing with smaller-scale fluctuations and wave-like perturbations. An exception is a selection of papers on large-scale traveling atmospheric disturbances. Finally, it should be emphasized that this collection is by no means considered as complete. I apologize to all authors whose work I have missed.

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