This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Notes
Barack Obama, “Sen. Barack Obama to Northwestern Graduates at 2006 Commencement,” (2006) http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2006/06/barack.html. Accessed 15 May 2017.
For historical views, see Adam Smith, A Theory of Moral Sentiments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1759/2002). David Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, ed. D.F. Norton and M.J. Norton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1749/2000); for more contemporary perspectives on empathy, see: Charles D. Batson, Altruism in Humans (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), R.J.R. Blair, “A Cognitive Development Approach to Morality: Investigating the Psychopath,” Cognition, 57 (1995): 1-29, Simon Baron-Cohen, “Forum: Against Empathy,” Boston Review (2014)
For skeptical approaches to empathy, see: Peter Goldie, “Anti-Empathy,” in Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives, ed. A. Coplan and P. Goldie (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012): 302-317 and Derek Matravers, “Empathy as a Route to Knowledge,” in Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives, ed. A. Coplan and P. Goldie, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012): 19-30; Jesse Prinz, “Is Empathy Necessary for Morality?” in Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives, ed. A. Coplan and P. Goldie (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012): 211-229, 213; Shannon Spaulding, “Mind Misreading,” Philosophical Issues, 26 (2016): 422-440 and Shannon Spaulding “Do You See What I See?: How Social Differences Influence Mindreading,” Synthese 195 (2018):4009-4030, Frederique de Vignemont & Tania Singer 2006, “The Empathic Brain: how, when and why?” TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 10 (2006): 435-441.
Adam D. Galinsky, Joe C. Magee, M. Ena Inesi, and Deborah H Gruenfeld, “Power and Perspectives Not Taken,” Psychological Science 17 (2006): 1068-1074. See also S.T. Fiske, “Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping,” American Psychologist 48 (1993): 621-628.
Goldie 2012.
Iris Marion Young “Asymmetrical Reciprocity: On Moral Respect, Wonder, and Enlarged Thought,” Constellations 3 (1997): 340—363; Janine Jones “The Impairment of Empathy in Goodwill Whites for African Americans” in George Yancy (ed.) What White Looks Like: African-American Philosophers on the Whiteness Question (New York: Routledge, 2004): 65-86; Linda Alcoff, Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
de Vignemont and Singer 2012, 435.
de Vignemont and Singer 2012, 435.
Prinz 2012.
Alvin Goldman, “Two Routes to Empathy: Insights from Cognitive Neuroscience,” in Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives, ed. A. Coplan and P. Goldie (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012): 31-44, 34.
Ibid, 35.
Martin Hoffman, “Empathy and pro-social behavior,” in Handbook of Emotions, ed. M. Lewis and J.M Haviland-Jones (New York: The Guildford Press, 2010): 440-455.
Alvin Goldman, “Imagination and Simulation in Audience Responses to Fiction,” in The Architecture of the Imagination: new essays on pretence, possibility, and fiction, ed. Shaun Nichols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006): 41-56.
Goldie 2012; see also Matravers 2012 and J.C. Oxley, The Moral Dimensions of Empathy: Limits and Applications in Ethical Theory and Practice (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011).
Thomas Nagel, “What is it like to be a bat?” The Philosophical Review. 4/LXXXIII (1974): 435-450.
Rene Descartes, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, E.S. Haldane, trans., Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (1645/1996) <selfpace.uconn.edu/class/percep/DescartesMeditations.pdf> 11.
Andrew Whiten, “When does smart behavior-reading become mind-reading?” in Theories of theories of mind, ed. P. Carruthers and P.K. Smith, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996): 277-292, 277.
Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1949/2009).
Goldie 2012, 302.
Ibid, 303.
Ibid, 303.
Many thanks to a blind reviewer for pressing me on this point.
Ibid, 309.
Ibid, 312.
Ibid, 314.
Ibid, 316.
Ibid, 316.
Jones 2004.
Young 1997, 340-341.
Ibid, 344.
Ibid., 345.
Ibid., 345.
Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self (New York: Routledge, 1991): 54. Quoted on Young 1997, 340.
Jones (72, 73). While Jones writes on the L.A. riots in 1992, we can easily see paralells with responses about Rachel Jeantel and Trayvon Martin during and after the Zimmerman trial, or the responses to the riots in Ferguson, Missouri.
Ibid., 70. Emphasis added.
See Charles Mills, “White Ignorance,” in Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance, ed. S. Sullivan and N. Tuana, (Albany: State Universtiy of New York Press, 2007): 13-35.
Paul Thagard and Allison Barnes, “Empathy and Analogy,” Canadian Philosophical Review 36 (1997): 705-720.
Jones 2004, 72.
For more on cultural imperialism, see Iris Marion Young, “The Five Faces of Oppression,” in Elizabeth Hackett and Sally Haslanger (eds.), Theorizing Feminisms (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Paul Bloom, Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion (New York: Harper Collins, 2016): 31.
Hoffman 2010.
Spaulding 2018.
C.Y. Olivola and A. Todorov, “Fooled by first impressions? Reexamining the diagnostic value of appearance-based inferences,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46 (2010): 315-324; N.O. Rule, N. Ambady, and R.B. Adams, Jr., “Personality in Perspective: Judgmental Consistency Across Orientations of the Face,” Perception 38 (2009): 1688-1699.
See fn 55; see also Alcoff 2006.
See Michael Brownstein, “Implicit Bias and Race,” in Paul C. Taylor, Linda Martín Alcoff, and Luvell Anderson (eds.), Routledge Companion to the Philosophy of Race (London: Routledge, 2018): 261–76.
Spaulding 2018, 4016, 4017.
Ibid., 4018.
Ibid., 4018.
Galinsky et al, 2006.
Ibid., 1070.
Ibid., 1071.
Ibid., 1072.
Ibid., 1072.
Ibid., 1068.
Ibid., 1072.
Ibid., 1069.
Ibid., 1072.
Many thanks to a blind reviewer for pressing me on this point.
Martin Hoffman, “Empathy, Justice, and the Law.” In Amy Coplan & Peter Goldie (Eds.), Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011): 230-254, 238. Many thanks to a blind reviewer for informing me of Hoffman’s views.
Ibid., 240.
Diana Tietjens Meyers, “A Modest Feminist Sentimentalism” in Remy Debes & Karsten R. Stueber (Eds.), Ethical Sentimentalism: New Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017): 210-229, 220.
Ibid, 220.
Ibid.
Jones 2004.
Young 1997, 341.
Benhabib 1991, quoted in Young 1997, 340.
Young 1997., 346.
For a defense of Young’s view, see Marguerite La Caze, “Seeing Oneself through the Eyes of the Other: Asymmetrical Reciprocity and Self-Respect” Hypatia 23 (2008): 118-135.
Young 1997, 355.
Ibid., 360.
Alcoff 2006.
Ibid., 96.
W.V. Quine, “Two Dogmas of Empiricism,” The Philosophical Review 50 (1951): 20-43.
I am indebted to the following people for their valuable feedback during the completion of this article: David Vessey, Andrew Spear, Stephanie Adair, Jeff Luke Maring, Jonna Vance, Jeff Brynes, Russ Pryba, and Aaron Rizzieri. I am especially grateful to the blind reviewer for their insightful feedback and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tullmann, K. Empathy, Power, and Social Difference. J Value Inquiry 54, 203–225 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10790-019-09691-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10790-019-09691-8