Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Efficient adaptation of XML data using a conceptual model

  • Published:
Information Systems Frontiers Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

One of the prominent characteristics of XML applications is their dynamic nature. Changes in user requirements cause changes in schemas used in the systems and changes in the schemas subsequently make existing documents invalid. In this work, we study two tightly coupled problems—schema evolution and document adaptation. The presented approach extends an existing conceptual model for evolution of XML applications towards document adaptation, by introducing a formal framework for detecting changes between two versions of a schema. From the detected changes it is possible to create a script that transforms documents valid against the old version of the schema to documents valid against its new version.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. http://jinfer.sourceforge.net/index.html

  2. More on this system can be found in Section 5

  3. Note that since \({\cal S}'\) is a forest, we could model R′ directly as a pair of connected components. However, we use association ends to unify the formalism of PSM with the formalism of PIM.

  4. Another possibility is to utilize function default proposed in earlier in this section.

  5. And other attributes of class EnvelopeType.

  6. Not to be confused with XQuery Update Facility (W3C 0011)

References

  • Al-Jadir, L., & El-Moukaddem, F. (2003). Once upon a time a DTD evolved into another DTD. In Object-oriented information systems (pp. 3–17). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchou, B., Duarte, D., Alves, M.H.F., Laurent, D., Musicante, M.A. (2004). Schema evolution for XML: A consistency-preserving approach. In Mathematical foundations of computer science (pp. 876–888). Prague: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavalieri, F. (2010). EXup: An engine for the evolution of XML schemas and associated documents. In EDBT ’10: Proc. of the 2010 EDBT/ICDT workshops (pp. 1–10). New York: ACM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawathe, S.S., & Garcia-Molina, H. (1997). Meaningful change detection in structured data. In J. Peckham (Ed.), SIGMOD conference (pp. 26–37). ACM Press.

  • Clark, J., & Makoto, M. (2001). RELAX NG specification. Oasis. http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/relax-ng/spec-20011203.html. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • Cobena, G., Abiteboul, S., Marian, A. (2002). Detecting changes in XML documents. In ICDE (pp. 41–52). IEEE Computer Society.

  • Coox, S.V. (2003). Axiomatization of the evolution of XML database schema. Programming and Computer Software, 29(3), 140–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dominguez, E., Lloret, J., Pérez, B., Rodríguez, Á., Rubio, Á.L., Zapata, M.A. (2011). Evolution of XML schemas and documents from stereotyped UML class models: A traceable approach. Information and Software Technology, 53, 34–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrini, G., & Mesiti, M. (2009). XML schema evolution and versioning: Current approaches and future trends. In E. Pardede (Ed.), Open and novel issues in XML database applications: Future directions and advanced technologies (pp. 66–87). Idea Group Publishing.

  • Guerrini, G., Mesiti, M., Sorrenti, M.A. (2007). XML schema evolution: Incremental validation and efficient document adaptation. In D. Barbosa, A. Bonifati, Z. Bellahsène, E. Hunt, R. Unland (Eds.), Database and XML technologies, Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 4704, pp. 92–106). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75288-2_8.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO (2005). Information Technology Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL) Part 3: Rule-based Validation Schematron. ISO/IEC 19757-3.

  • ISO (2008). ISO/IEC 9075-14:2008—SQL—Part 14: XML-Related Specifications (SQL/XML). http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=45499. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • Kay, M. (2007). XSL transformations (XSLT) version 2.0. W3C. http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt20/. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • Klettke, M. (2007). Conceptual XML schema evolution—The CoDEX approach for design and redesign. In Workshop proceedings datenbanksysteme in Business, Technologie und Web (BTW 2007) (pp. 53–63). Aachen, Germany.

  • Klímek, J., Malý, J., Nečaský, M. (2011). eXolutio—A tool for XML data evolution. http://exolutio.com. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • Klímek, J., & Nečaský, M. (2010). Semi-automatic integration of web service interfaces. In IEEE international conference on web services (pp. 307–314).

  • Kwietniewski, M., Gryz, J., Hazlewood, S., Van Run, P. (2010). Transforming XML documents as schemas evolve. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 3(1–2), 1577–1580. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1920841.1921043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., & Kim, D. (2006). X-tree diff+: Efficient change detection algorithm in XML documents. In E. Sha, S.K. Han, C.Z. Xu, M.H. Kim, L. Yang, B. Xiao (Eds.), Embedded and ubiquitous computing. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 4096, pp. 1037–1046). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Leonardi, E., & Bhowmick, S.S. (2006). Xandy: A scalable change detection technique for ordered XML documents using relational databases. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 59(2), 476–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonardi, E., & Bhowmick, S.S. (2007). XANADUE: A system for detecting changes to XML data in tree-unaware relational databases. In Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMOD international conference on management of data, SIGMOD ’07 (pp. 1137–1140). New York: ACM.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Leonardi, E., Hoai, T.T., Bhowmick, S.S., Madria, S.K. (2007). DTD-diff: A change detection algorithm for DTDs. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 61(2), 384–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malý, J., Mlýnková, I., Nečaský, M. (2011). On XML document transformations as schema evolves—A survey of current approaches. ISD 2010.

  • Malý, J., Mlýnková, I., Nečaský, M. (2011). XML data transformations as schema evolves. In ADBIS ’11: Proc. of the 15th advances in databases and information systems. Vienna: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J., & Mukerji, J. (2003). MDA guide version 1.0.1. Object management group. http://www.omg.org/docs/omg/03-06-01.pdf.

  • Murata, M., Lee, D., Mani, M., Kawaguchi, K. (2005). Taxonomy of XML schema languages using formal language theory. ACM Transasctions on Internet Technology, 5(4), 660–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nečaský, M., & Mlýnková, I. (2009). Exploitation of similarity and pattern matching in XML technologies. In DATESO 2009, CEUR workshop proceedings (Vol. 471, pp. 90–104). Matfyz Press.

  • Nečaský, M. (2009). Conceptual modeling for XML. Dissertations in database and information systems (Vol. 99). Amsterdam: IOS Press.

  • Nečaský, M. (2009). Reverse engineering of XML schemas to conceptual diagrams. In Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific conference on conceptual modelling (pp. 117–128). Wellington: Australian Computer Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nečaský, M., & Mlýnková, I. (2009a). Five-level multi-application schema evolution. In DATESO ’09 (pp. 90–104).

  • Nečaský, M., & Mlýnková, I. (2009b). On different perspectives of XML schema evolution. In FlexDBIST’09: Proceedings of the 5th international workshop on flexible database and information system technology. Linz: IEEE Computer Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nečaský, M., & Mlýnková, I. (2010). A framework for efficient design, maintaining, and evolution of a system of XML applications. In Proceedings of the Databases, Texts, Specifications, and Objects, DATESO ’10 (pp. 38–49). Matfyz Press.

  • Nečaský, M., Klímek, J., Malý, J., Mlýnková, I. (2011a). Evolution and change management of XML-based systems. Journal of Systems and Software. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2011.09.038. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121211002524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nečaský, M., Mlýnková, I., Klímek, J., Malý, J. (2011b). When conceptual model meets grammar: A dual approach to XML data modeling. Data & Knowledge Engineering. doi:10.1016/j.datak.2011.09.002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169023X1100125X.

    Google Scholar 

  • Object Management Group (2007a). UML infrastructure specification 2.1.2. http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4.1/Infrastructure/PDF/. Accessed 28 Feb 2012.

  • Object Management Group (2007b). UML superstructure specification 2.1.2. http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4.1/Superstructure/PDF/. Accessed 28 Feb 2012.

  • Biron, P.V., & Permanente, K.A.M. (2004). XML schema part 2: Datatypes (2nd Edn.). W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • Polák, M. (2011). XML query adaptation. Master Thesis, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. http://www.ksi.mff.cuni.cz/~mlynkova/dp/Polak.pdf. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • Qeli, E., Gllavata, J., Freisleben, B. (2006). Customizable detection of changes for XML documents using XPath expressions. In D.C.A. Bulterman, D.F. Brailsford (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on document engineering (pp. 88–90). Amsterdam: ACM Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Raghavachari, M., & Shmueli, O. (2007). Efficient revalidation of XML documents. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 19, 554–567. doi:10.1109/TKDE.2007.1004. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1263133.1263349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahm, E., & Bernstein, P.A.: (2001). A survey of approaches to automatic schema matching. The VLDB Journal, 10(4), 334–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, H., Kramer, D.K., Rundensteiner, E.A. (2002). XEM: XML evolution management. Tech. Rep. WPI-CS-TR-02-09, Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts.

  • Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C.M., Maler, E., Yergeau, F. (2008). Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (5th edn.). W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/.

  • Tan, M., & Goh, A. (2005). Keeping pace with evolving XML-based specifications. In EDBT’04 workshops (pp. 280–288). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thalheim, B. (2000). Entity-relationship modeling: Foundations of database technology. Berlin: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, H.S., Beech, D., Maloney, M., Mendelsohn, N. (2004). XML schema part 1: Structures (2nd edn.). W3C http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/.

  • W3C (2004). Document Object Model (DOM) specification. http://www.w3.org/DOM/. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • W3C (2010a). XML Path Language (XPath) 2.0. http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath20/. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • W3C (2010b). XQuery 1.0: An XML query language. http://www.w3.org/TR/xquery/. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • W3C (2011). XQuery update facility 1.0 specification. http://www.w3.org/TR/xquery-update-10/. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.

  • Wang, Y., DeWitt, D.J., Cai, J.Y. (2003). X-diff: An effective change detection algorithm for XML documents. In International conference on data engineering (p. 519).

  • Wojnar, A., Mlýnková, I., Dokulil, J. (2010). Structural and semantic aspects of similarity of document type definitions and XML schemas. Information Sciences, 180(10), 1817–1836. Special Issue on Intelligent Distributed Information Systems.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Software Engineering, Charles University in Prague, Malostranské nám. 25, 118 00, Praha 1, Czech Republic

    Jakub Malý, Martin Nečaský & Irena Mlýnková

Authors
  1. Jakub Malý
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Martin Nečaský
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Irena Mlýnková
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jakub Malý.

Additional information

This work was supported in part by the Czech Science Foundation (GAČR), grants number P202/10/0573 and P202/11/P455.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Malý, J., Nečaský, M. & Mlýnková, I. Efficient adaptation of XML data using a conceptual model. Inf Syst Front 16, 663–696 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-012-9375-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-012-9375-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation