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An appraisal on commercial farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii in India: success in diversification of livelihood and prospects

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Abstract

There is an urgent need for diversifying livelihood of low-income artisanal fishermen due to rapidly dwindling fishery resources. CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute takes pride in being first for pioneering Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation, heralding an era of commercial seaweed farming in India. The invention of liquefying fresh seaweed biomass to obtain two products in an integrated manner, one being a granular residue rich in κ-carrageenan and the other being sap rich in potash and micronutrients (ca. 2 % w/v), with proven efficacy has provided a boost to commercial farming. The production has been substantially increased from 21 dry tonnes in 2001 to 1490 dry tonnes in 2013 with concomitant purchase value of <4.5 to 35 Rs kg−1 (dry). India is fast emerging as important production center in Southeast Asia for K. alvarezii production with estimated 765,000 man-days of employment, having annual turnover of around Rs 2 billion. At present, commercial farming is carried out following three techniques, namely floating bamboo raft, tube net, and longline method of which former two are widely practiced. The cultivation activity is well established in southern state of Tamil Nadu and progressing rapidly to other areas namely Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra. The socioeconomic benefits accrued in this project are overwhelmingly positive, but evidence-based policies are required for addressing prevailing environmental issues. The steps toward developing value-added products with niche applications coupled with biotechnological interventions aimed at seed production through tissue culture for developing elite germplasm, etc. could further improve the prospects of taking this project to pan India level. The present review provides a detailed account of developments of commercial farming that has witnessed successful diversification of livelihood consistently for the last 10 years.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the present and past employees of CSIR-CSMCRI and M/s. Aquagri Processing Private Limited for their vital contributions in taking forward Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation as well as value addition work to the present state. The farming industry of this alga in Indian waters took place due to the pioneering efforts of Dr. OP Mairh in establishing the germplasm; Dr. PV Subba Rao for initiating scaled-up farming. The work carried out by Dr. AK Siddhanta and his group on bioprospection and Dr. Arup Ghosh and his collaborators on sap trials have indirectly encouraged commercial farming. The authors would like to thank Dr. PK Ghosh for his farsightedness in conceptualizing the commercial cultivation and his keen involvement in the project. He has suggested to prepare case study which is culminated into present publication. Thanks are also due to Dr. Subir K. Mandal for his association during the survey of islands in Gulf of Mannar and Dr. J. Rajasankar, Chief Scientist, CSIR-SERC, for suggesting inclined raft designs for deep water farming. We are indebted to Dr. Junning Cai, Aquaculture Officer, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy; three anonymous reviewers; and handling editor for their valuable comments that improved the publication. We acknowledge the help rendered by our research scholars during socioeconomic survey. We are grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi; Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi; Ministry of New Renewable Energy, New Delhi; Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Gandhinagar; Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company Ltd., Gandhinagar; National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Chennai, and our licensees as well as other funding agencies for R & D support. We would take this opportunity to thank Dr. Amitava Das, Director, CSMCRI, for encouragement. This manuscript has PRIS registration number 023/2016.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar, 364 002, India

    Vaibhav A. Mantri, S. Thiruppathi & C.R.K. Reddy

  2. Marine Algal Research Station, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, 623 519, India

    Vaibhav A. Mantri, K. Eswaran, M. Ganesan & V. Veeragurunathan

  3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110 001, India

    Vaibhav A. Mantri, K. Eswaran, M. Ganesan, V. Veeragurunathan & C.R.K. Reddy

  4. Aquagri Processing Pvt. Ltd. 284, Sultan Sadan, L-3, Westend Marg, New Delhi, 110030, India

    M. Shanmugam & Abhiram Seth

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Mantri, V.A., Eswaran, K., Shanmugam, M. et al. An appraisal on commercial farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii in India: success in diversification of livelihood and prospects. J Appl Phycol 29, 335–357 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0948-7

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