Abstract
Using data from a random telephone statewide survey in Utah, the associations between income, government assistance and six dimensions of marital quality were explored with a sample of 295 married individuals with incomes below $40,000. Results indicate that income has a main effect on negative interaction and feeling trapped. An interaction of government assistance and income on two dimensions of marital quality was found. Individuals that experienced the combination of earning less than $20,000 per year while receiving government assistance had significantly lower levels of overall marital satisfaction and commitment than individuals receiving government assistance with higher incomes and individuals who have never received government assistance. Implications and possible explanations are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1269–1287.
Amato, P. R., & Rogers, S. J. (1997). A longitudinal study of marital problems and subsequent divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 612–624.
Bassuk, E. L., Weinreb, L. F., Buckner, J. C., Browne, A., Salomon, A., & Bassuk, S. S. (1996). The characteristics and needs of sheltered homeless and low-income housed mothers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 640–646.
Beach, S. R. H., Whisman, M. A., & O’Leary, K. D. (1994). Marital therapy for depression: Theoretical foundation, current status, and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 25, 345–371.
Becker, G. S., Landes, E. M., & Michael, R. T. (1977). An economic analysis of marital instability. Journal of Political Economy, 85, 1141–1187.
Bennett, N. G., Bloom, D. E., & Miller, C. K. (1995). The influence of nonmarital childbearing on the formation of first marriages. Demography, 32, 47–62.
Booth, A., Johnson, D., & Edwards, J. N. (1983). Measuring marital instability. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 387–394.
Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., Flor, D., McCrary, C., Hastings, L., & Conyers, O. (1994). Financial resources, parent psychological functioning, parent co-caregiving, and early adolescent competence in rural two-parent African-American families. Child Development, 65, 590–605.
Clark-Nicholas, P., & Gray-Little, B. (1991). Effect of economic resources on marital quality in Black married couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 645–656.
Conger, R. D., & Conger, K. J. (2002). Resilience in Midwestern families: Selected findings from the first decade of a prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 361–373.
Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (1994). Families in troubled times: Adapting to change in rural America. Hawthorne: Aldine De Gruyter.
Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., Jr., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, K. J., Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., et al. (1990). Linking economic hardship to marital quality and instability. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 643–656.
Cowan, C. P., & Cowan, P. A. (2005). Two central roles for couple relationships: Breaking negative intergenerational patterns and enhancing children’s adaptation. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 20, 1468–1479.
Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 504–553). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Dew, J. (2007). Two sides of the same coin? The differing roles of assets and consumer debt in marriage. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28, 89–104.
Dew, J. (2008a). Debt change and marital satisfaction change in recently married couples. Family Relations, 57, 60–71.
Dew, J. (2008b). Themes and trends of Journal of Family and Economic Issues: A review of twenty years (1988–2007). Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 29, 496–540.
Dickey, B., & Azeni, H. (1996). Persons with dual diagnoses of substance abuse and major mental illness: Their excess costs of psychiatric care. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 973–977.
Dyk, P. H. (2004). Complexity of family life among low-income and working poor: Introduction to the special issue. Family Relations, 53, 122–126.
Ellwood, D. T., & Bane, M. J. (1985). The impact of AFDC on family structure and living arrangements. Research in Labor Economics, 7, 137–207.
Gibson-Davis, C., Edin, K., & McLanahan, S. S. (2005). High hopes but even higher expectations: The retreat from marriage among low-income couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1301–1312.
Grafova, I. (2007). Your money or your life: Managing health, managing money. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28, 285–303.
Gudmunson, C. G., Beutler, I. F., Israelsen, C. L., McCoy, J. K., & Hill, E. J. (2007). Linking financial strain to marital instability: Examining the roles of emotional distress and marital interaction. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28, 357–376.
Hoffman, S. D., & Duncan, G. J. (1995). The effect of incomes, wages, and AFDC benefits on marital disruption. Journal of Human Resources, 30, 19–42.
Johnson, C. A., Stanley, S. M., Glenn, N. D., Amato, P. A., Nock, S. L., Markman, H. J., et al. (2002). Marriage in Oklahoma: 2001 Baseline statewide survey on marriage and divorce (S02096OKDHS). Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Department of Human Services.
Julien, D., Markman, H. J., & Lindahl, K. M. (1989). A comparison of a global and microanalytic coding system: Implications for future trends in studying interactions. Behavioral Assessment, 11, 81–100.
Komarovsky, M. (1940). The unemployed man and his family. New York: Dryden Press.
Lichter, D. T., Batson, C. D., & Brown, J. B. (2004). Welfare reform and marriage promotion: The marital expectations and desires of single and cohabitating mothers. Social Service Review, 78, 2–24.
Liker, J. K., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (1983). Economic hardship and marital relations in the 1930 s. American Sociological Review, 48, 343–359.
Markman, H. J., Stanley, S. M., & Blumberg, S. L. (2001). Fighting for your marriage. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mauldin, T. A., & Mimura, Y. (2007). Marrying, unmarrying, and poverty dynamics among mothers with children living at home. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28, 566–582.
Mauldon, J. G., London, R. A., Fein, D. J., Patterson, R., & Bliss, S. (2002). What do they think? Welfare recipients’ attitudes toward marriage and childbearing. Cambridge: Abt Associates.
McLaughlin, D. K., & Lichter, D. T. (1997). Poverty and marital behavior of young women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 582–595.
Mead, L. (1989). The logic of workfare: The underclass and work policy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501, 156–169.
Murray, C. (2001). Family formation. In R. Blank & R. Haskins (Eds.), The new world of welfare (pp. 137–168). Washington, DC: Brookings.
Notarius, C. I., & Markman, H. J. (1989). Coding marital interaction: A sampling and discussion of current issues. Special issue: Coding marital interaction. Behavioral Assessment, 11, 1–11.
Olson, K., & Pavetti, L. (1996). Personal and family challenges to the successful transition from welfare to work. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
Rogers, S. J., & Amato, P. R. (1997). Is marital quality declining? The evidence from two generations. Social Forces, 75, 1089–1100.
Rogers, S. J., & DeBoer, D. (2001). Changes in wives’ income: Effects on marital happiness, psychological well-being, and the risk of divorce. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61, 473–479.
Schramm, D. G. (2006). Individual and social costs of divorce in Utah. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 21, 133–151.
Schramm, D. G., Marshall, J. P., Harris, V. W., & George, A. (2003). Marriage in Utah: 2003 baseline statewide survey on marriage and divorce. Salt Lake City: Utah Department of Workforce Services.
Schumm, W. R., Paff-Bergan, L. A., Hatch, R. C., Obiorah, F. C., Copeland, J. M., & Meens, L. D. (1986). Concurrent and discriminant validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 381–387.
Skogrand, L., Johnson, A. C., Horrocks, A. C., & DeFrain, J. (2010). Financial management practices of couples with great marriages. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. doi: 10.1007/s10834-010-9195-2.
Smith, T. E., & Graham, P. G. (1995). Socioeconomic stratification family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 930–940.
Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (1992). Assessing commitment in personal relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54, 595–608.
Stuber, J., & Schlesinger, M. (2006). Sources of stigma for means-tested government programs. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 933–945.
Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Thorne, D. (2010). Extreme financial strain: Emergent chores, gender inequality and emotional distress. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 31, 185–197.
Tiffin, P. A., Pearce, M., Kaplan, C., Fundudis, T., & Parker, L. (2007). The impact of socio-economic status and mobility on perceived family functioning. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28, 653–667.
Wallerstein, J. S. (1996). The psychological tasks of marriage: Part 2. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 217–227.
White, L., & Rogers, S. J. (2000). Economic circumstances and family outcomes: A review of the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1035–1051.
Yeung, W. J., & Hofferth, S. L. (1998). Family adaptations to income and job loss in the U.S. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 19, 255–283.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schramm, D.G., William Harris, V. Marital Quality and Income: An Examination of the Influence of Government Assistance. J Fam Econ Iss 32, 437–448 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-010-9212-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-010-9212-5