Abstract
Three micro-mesoporous HZSM-5 catalysts were synthesized using three different mesoporous templates and studied for the conversion of a model municipal waste plastic mixture to produce liquid fuels of high value. For the comparison, the conversion of an actual waste plastic mixture and HDPE was also studied. The experiments were performed in a batch stirred reactor at three reaction temperatures (350, 375, and 400 °C) and at fixed cold H2 pressure (20 bar), reaction time (60 min), and plastic to catalyst ratio (20:1 by wt.). The micro-mesoporous catalysts produced better activity and selectivity than their parent HZSM-5 catalyst. The catalyst, prepared by combining two different templates, was found to be the most favorable catalyst offering 67.1% liquid yield at 400 °C with actual waste plastic. The best performing catalyst has shown the prospects for commercial applications.
Access this article
We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.
Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
M.M. Taghiei, Z. Feng, F.E. Huggins, G.P. Huffman, Energy Fuels 8, 1228 (1994)
H. Ino, Y. Matsumoto, R. Takahashi, K. Takami, J. Nishino, M. Itoh, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 10, 129 (2008)
H. Gulab, K. Hussain, Z. Hussain, Z. Shah, Int. J. Energy Res. 40, 940 (2016)
J.M. Escola, J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, L. Briones, J. Mater. Cycles Waste. Manag. 14, 286 (2012)
P.T. Williams, R. Bargi, Int. J. Energy Res. 28, 31 (2004)
J. Walendziewski, M. Steininger, Catal. Today 65, 323 (2001)
J. Mosio-Mosiewski, M. Warzala, I. Morawski, T. Dobrzanski, Fuel Process. Technol. 88, 359 (2007)
D. Munir, M.F. Irfan, M.R. Usman, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 90, 490 (2018)
J. Weitkamp, ChemCatChem 4, 292 (2012)
K.R. Venkatesh, J. Hu, J.W. Tierney, I. Wender, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. 40, 788 (1995)
N. Shah, J. Rockwell, G.P. Huffman, Energy Fuels 13, 832 (1999)
W. Ding, J. Liang, L.L. Anderson, Fuel Process. Technol. 51, 47 (1997)
W. Ding, J. Liang, L.L. Anderson, Energy Fuels 11, 1219 (1997)
Z. Feng, J. Zhao, J. Rockwell, D. Bailey, G. Huffman, Fuel Process. Technol. 49, 17 (1996)
A. Akah, J. Hernandez-Martinez, A. Garforth, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291312110_Enhanced_Feedstock_Recycling_-_NovaCrack. Accessed 09 June 2021
K. Liu, H.L. Meuzelaar, Fuel Process. Technol. 49, 1 (1996)
M. Luo, C.W. Curtis, Fuel Process. Technol. 49, 177 (1996)
M. Luo, C.W. Curtis, Fuel process Technol. 49, 91 (1996)
R. Ochoa, H. Van Woert, W. Lee, R. Subramanian, E. Kugler, P. Eklund, Fuel Process. Technol. 49, 119 (1996)
D. Serrano, J. Aguado, J. Escola, E. Garagorri, L. Morselli, G. Palazzi, R. Orsi, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 49, 257 (2004)
N.D. Hesse, R.L. White, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 92, 293 (2004)
M. Syamsiro, H. Saptoadi, T. Norsujianto, P. Noviasri, S. Cheng, Z. Alimuddin, K. Yoshikawa, Energy Procedia 47, 180 (2014)
A. Akah, J. Hernandez-Martinez, C. Rallan, A.A. Garforth, Chem. Eng. Trans. 43, 2395 (2015)
T. Isoda, S. Maemoto, K. Kusakabe, S. Morooka, Energy Fuels 13, 617 (1999)
S.C. Cardona, A. Corma, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 25, 151 (2000)
D. Munir, M.R. Usman, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 13, 44 (2018)
T.P. Paula, M.F.V. Marques, M.R.C. Marques, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 138, 3689 (2019)
R. Bai, Y. Song, Y. Li, J. Yu, Trends Chem. 1, 601 (2019)
X. Jia, W. Khan, Z. Wu, J. Choi, A.C.K. Yip, Adv. Powder Technol. 30, 467 (2019)
C. Mohanraj, T. Senthilkumar, M. Chandrasekar, Int. J. Energy Res. 41, 1534 (2017)
S.J. Choi, Y.-K. Park, K.-E. Jeong, T.-W. Kim, H.-J. Chae, S.H. Park, J.-K. Jeon, S.-S. Kim, Korean J. Chem. Eng. 27, 1446 (2010)
D. Munir, M.R. Usman, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 146, 1 (2016)
D. Munir, Abdullah, F. Piepenbreier, M.R. Usman, Powder Technol. 316, 542 (2017)
J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, M.D. Romero, J.M. Escola, Chem. Commun. 6, 725 (1996)
J. Aguado, J.L. Sotelo, D.P. Serrano, J.A. Calles, J.M. Escola, Energy Fuels 11, 1225 (1997)
D. Munir, H. Amer, R. Aslam, M. Bououdina, M.R. Usman, Mat. Renew. Sustain. Energy 9, 1 (2020)
Y. Xia, R. Mokaya, J. Mater. Chem. 14, 863 (2004)
W.C. Yoo, X. Zhang, M. Tsapatsis, A. Stein, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 149, 147 (2012)
H. Li, S. He, K. Ma, Q. Wu, Q. Jiao, K. Sun, Appl. Catal. A 450, 152 (2013)
D. Munir, Catalytic Hydrocracking of Waste Plastics to Liquid Fuels (University of the Punjab, Lahore, 2018)
Z. Yang, Y. Xia, R. Mokaya, Adv. Mater. 16, 727 (2004)
P.E. Boahene, K.K. Soni, A.K. Dalai, J. Adjaye, Appl. Catal. A 402, 31 (2011)
L. Jia, X. Sun, X. Ye, C. Zou, H. Gu, Y. Huang, G. Niu, D. Zhao, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 176, 16 (2013)
R. Huirache-Acuña, B. Pawelec, E. Rivera-Muñoz, R. Nava, J. Espino, J.L.G. Fierro, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 92, 68 (2009)
K.C. Mouli, K. Soni, A. Dalai, J. Adjaye, Appl. Catal. A 404, 21 (2011)
T. Klimova, L. Lizama, J. Amezcua, P. Roquero, E. Terrés, J. Navarrete, J. Domínguez, Catal. Today 98, 141 (2004)
J.M.R. Gallo, C. Bisio, L. Marchese, H.O. Pastore, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 111, 632 (2008)
H. Sun, Q. Tang, Y. Du, X. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Yang, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci. 333, 317 (2009)
T. Shah, B. Lia, Z.E.A. Abdalla, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci. 336, 707 (2009)
Z. Zhang, K. Gora-Marek, J.S. Watson, J. Tian, M.R. Ryder, K.A. Tarach et al., Nat. Sustain. 2, 1 (2019)
J. Socci, A. Osatiashtiani, G. Kyriakou, T. Bridgwater, Appl. Catal. A 570, 218–227 (2019)
J.M. Escola, J. Aguado, D.P. Serrano, A. García, A. Peral, L. Briones et al., Appl. Catal. B 106, 415 (2011)
T.P. Paula, M.F.V. Marques, M.R. da Costa Marques, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 138, 3689–3699 (2019)
S. Liu, P.A. Kots, B.C. Vance, A. Danielson, D.G. Vlachos, Sci. Adv. 7, 17 (2021)
E.C. Orr, W. Tuntawiroon, W.B. Ding, E. Bolat, S. Rumple, E.M. Eyring, L.L. Anderson, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. 40, 44 (1995)
W. Zmierczak, X. Xiao, J. Shabtai, Fuel Process. Technol. 49, 31 (1996)
J. Shabtai, X. Xiao, W. Zmierczak, Energy Fuels 11, 76 (1997)
W.B. Ding, J. Liang, L.L. Anderson, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. 42, 1008 (1997)
P.K. Ramdoss, A.R. Tarrer, Fuel 77, 293 (1998)
R. Miandad, A.S. Nizami, M. Rehan, M.A. Barakat, M.I. Khan, A. Mustafa et al., J. Waste Manag. 58, 250–259 (2016)
P.T. Williams, E. Slaney, Resour. Conserv. Recy. 51, 754 (2007)
Thermo scientific, T. Nalgene Bottles and Carboys Technical Brochure (2012). http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/brochures/D01705.pdf. Accessed 23 Dec 2021
A. Bin Jumah, A.A. Tedstone, A.A. Garforth, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 315, 110912 (2021)
A. López, I. De Marco, B.M. Caballero, A. Adrados, M.F. Laresgoiti, J. Waste Manag. 31, 8 (2011)
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for funding the work under the Project No. 20-2308/NRPU/R&D/HEC/12470. Also, the authors acknowledge Dr. Muhammad Faisal Irfan for providing commercial zeolite beta catalyst.
Funding
Higher Education Commission of Pakistan has funded the work under the Project No. 20-2308/NRPU/R&D/HEC/12470.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Both the authors have significant contribution in the completion of this article.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Munir, D., Usman, M.R. Mesoporous HZSM-5 catalysts for the conversion of waste plastics to liquid fuels. J Porous Mater 29, 783–794 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-022-01212-6
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-022-01212-6