Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Growth Curve Analysis of the Joint Influences of Parenting Affect, Child Characteristics and Deviant Peers on Adolescent Illicit Drug Use

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Youth and Adolescence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study purports that parental rejection and warmth are critical to the development of adolescent drug use, and investigates a model that also considers children's vulnerability and deviant peer affiliations. It tests mediation through the proximal risk factor of deviant peers. Poisson growth curve modeling was used to examine participants from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY; N=2194) over 4 waves. Results indicated that parental rejection was positively related to drug use, whereas parental warmth was negatively related to it. Both effects were significant when child ADHD symptoms were taken into account. Parental rejection and warmth had differential effects over time. Deviant peer affiliations were positively associated with drug use, did not have a differential influence over time, and did not mediate the other effects. There was significant between-individual (level 2) variability in drug use. Results are discussed in light of adolescent perceptions of parent-child relationships.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adlaf EM, Paglia A, Ivis FJ, Ialomiteanu A (2000) Nonmedical drug use among adolescent students: Highlights from the 1999 Ontario Drug Use Survey. Can Med Assoc J 162(12):1677–1680

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51:1173–1182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumrind D (1991) The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. J Ear Adolesc 11(1):56–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle MH, Offord DR, Racine YA, Szatmari P (1992) Predicting substance use in late adolescence: Results from the Ontario Child Health Study Follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 149(6):761–767

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle MH, Offord DR, Racine YA, Fleming JE, Szatmari P, Sanford MN (1993) Evaluation of the revised Ontario Child Health Study Scales. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 34:189–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buysse WH (1997) Behaviour problems and relationships with family and peers during adolescence. J Adolesc 20:645–659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chassin L, Hussong A, Barrera M, Molina BSG, Trim R, Ritter J (2004) Adolescent substance use. In: Lerner RM, Steinberg L (eds) Handbook of adolescent psychology, second edition. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, pp 665–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekovic M, Wissink IB, Meijer AM (2004) The role of family and peer relations in adolescent antisocial behaviour: Comparison of four ethnic groups. J Adolesc. Special Issue: Families, Peers and Contexts as Multiple Determinants of Adolescent Problem Behavior 27(5):497–514

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishion TJ, Nelson SE, Bullock BM (2004) Premature adolescent autonomy: Parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behaviour. J Adolesc. Special Issue: Families, Peers and Contexts as Multiple Determinants of Adolescent Problem Behavior 27(5):515–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishion TJ, Patterson GR, Griesler PC (1994) Peer adaptations in the development of antisocial behavior: A confluence model. In: Huesmann LR (ed) Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives. Plenum Press, New York, pp 61–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishion TJ, Owen LD (2002) A longitudinal analysis of friendships and substance use: Bidirectional influence from adolescence to adulthood. Dev Psychol 38(4):480–491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellickson PL, Martino SC, Collins RL (2004) Marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: Multiple developmental trajectories and their associated outcomes. Health Psychol 23(3):299–307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (1999) Prospective childhood predictors of deviant peer affiliations in adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40(4):581–592

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske DW, Campbell DT (1992) Citations do not solve problems. Psychol Bull 112(3):393–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher AC, Steinberg L, Williams-Wheeler M (2004) Parental influences on adolescent problem behavior: Revisiting Stattin and Kerr. Child Dev 75(3):781–796

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuligni AJ, Eccles JS (1993) Perceived parent-child relationships and early adolescents' orientation toward peers. Dev Psychol 29(4):622–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos NL, Leadbeater BJ (2000) Trends in adolescent research for the new millennium. Int J Behav Dev 24(3):289–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ge X, Best KM, Conger RD, Simons RL (1996) Parenting behaviours and the occurrence and co-occurrence of adolescent depressive symptoms and conduct problems. Dev Psychol 32(4):717–731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray MR, Steinberg L (1999) Unpacking authoritative parenting: Reassessing a multidimensional construct. J Marriage Fam 61(3):574–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg MT, Siegel JM, Leitch CJ (1983) The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 12:373–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grotevant HD (1998) Adolescent development in family contexts. In: Damon W (Series ed) and Eisenberg N (Vol. ed) Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development. 5th ed. Wiley, New York, pp 1097–1149

  • Harris JR (1995) Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychol Rev 102(3):458–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivis FJ, Adlaf EM (1999) A comparison of trends in drug use among students in the USA and Ontario, Canada: 1975–1997. Drugs: Educ Prev Policy 6(1):17–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston L, O’Malley P, Bachman J (2002). Monitoring the future: National survey results on drug use, 1975-1999 (NIH Publication No. 00-4802). National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel DB, Davies M (1996) High school students who use crack and other drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53(1):71–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JE, Hetherington EM, Reiss D (1999) Associations among family relationships, antisocial peers, and adolescents' externalizing behaviours: Gender and family type differences. Child Dev 70(5): 1209–1230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KJ, Conger RD, Lorenz FO, Elder GH (2001) Parent-adolescent reciprocity in negative affect and its relation to early adult social development. Dev Psychol 37(6):775–790

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King SM, Iacono WG, McGue M (2004) Childhood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in the prediction of early substance use. Addiction 99(12):1548–1559

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krull JL, MacKinnon DP (2001) Multilevel modeling of individual and group level mediated effects. Multivariate Behav Res. Special Issue: Multilevel Models 36(2):249–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacourse E, Nagin D, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Claes M (2003) Developmental trajectories of boys' delinquent group membership and facilitation of violent behaviors during adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 15(1):183–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamborn SD, Mounts NS, Steinberg L, Dornbusch SM (1991) Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful families. Child Dev 62:1049–1065

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen B, Coy KC, Collins WA (1998) Reconsidering changes in parent-child conflict across adolescence: A meta-analysis. Child Dev 69(3):817–832

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lempers JD, Clark-Lempers D, Simons RL (1989) Economic hardship, parenting, and distress in adolescence. Child Dev 60(1):25–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman M, Doyle A, Markiewicz D (1999) Developmental patterns in security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence: Associations with peer relations. Child Development 70(1):202–213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon DP, Dwyer JH (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Eval Rev 17(2):144–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshal MP, Molina BSG, Pelham WEJ (2003) Childhood ADHD and adolescent substance use: An examination of deviant peer group affiliation as a risk factor. Psychol Addict Behav 17(4):293–302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason WA, Windle M (2002) Reciprocal relations between adolescent substance use and delinquency: A longitudinal latent variable analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 111(1):63–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina BSG, Pelham WEJ (2003) Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. J Abnorm Psychol 112(3):497–507

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paley B, Conger RD, Harold GT (2000) Parents' affect, adolescent cognitive representations, and adolescent social development. J Marriage Fam 62:761–776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson GR, Reid JB, Dishion TJ (1992) Antisocial boys. Castalia, Eugene, OR

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasbash J, Steele F, Browne W, Prosser B (2004) A user's guide to MLwiN version 2.0. University of London, Institute of Education, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin DB (1987) Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin KH, Bukowski W, Parker JG (1998) Peer interactions, relationships and groups. In: Damon W (Series Ed.) and Eisenberg N (vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development, 5th ed. Wiley, New York, pp 619–700

  • Schafer JL (1997) Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. Chapman and Hall, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberg J, Rutter M, D'Onofrio B, Eaves L (2003) Genetic and environmental risk factors in adolescent substance use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44(5):664–676

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer JD, Willett JB (2003) Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Smetana JG (1996) Adolescent-parent conflict: Implications for adaptive and maladaptive development. In: Cicchetti D, Toth SL (eds) Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology: Vol. 7. Adolescence: Opportunities and challenges. University of Rochester, New York, pp 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BP, Van Der Linde A (2002) Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. J Royal Stat Soc Series B 64:583–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada and Human Resources Development Canada (1995) National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth: Overview of survey instruments for 1994–95 data collection—cycle 1. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada and Human Resources Development Canada, Catalogue no. 89F0078XIE

  • Statistics Canada and Human Resources Development Canada (1997) National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth: Overview of survey instruments for 1996-97 data collection—cycle 2. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada and Human Resources Development Canada, Catalogue no. 89F0078XIE, no. 2

  • Statistics Canada and Human Resources Development Canada (1999) National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth: Overview of survey instruments for 1998-99 data collection - cycle 3. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada and Human Resources Development Canada, Catalogue no. 89FOO78XPE, no. 3

  • Statistics Canada (2001) Microdata user guide: National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, cycle 4, September 2000 to May 2001. Statistics Canada: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

  • Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Bertrand L, LeBlanc M, Beauchesne H, Boileau H, David L (1992) Parent and child training to prevent early onset of delinquency: The Montreal longitudinal-experimental study. In: McCord J, Tremblay RE (eds) Preventing antisocial behavior: Interventions from birth through adolescence. Guilford, New York, pp 117–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Tremblay RE (2000) Influence of deviant friends on delinquency: Searching for moderator variables. J Abnorm Child Psychol 28(4):313–325

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Ladouceur R, Tremblay RE (2001) Gambling, delinquency, and drug use during adolescence: Mutual influences and common risk factors. J Gambling Stud 17(3):171–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro F, Ferland F, Jacques C, Ladouceur R (1998) Gambling, substance use, and impulsivity during adolescence. Psychol Addict Behav 12(3):185–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker-Barnes CJ, Mason CA (2004) Delinquency and substance use among gang-involved youth: The moderating role of parenting practices. Am J Community Psychol 34(3–4):235–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warr M (1993) Age, peers and delinquency. Criminology 31: 17–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg NZ, Rahdert E, Colliver JD, Glantz MD (1998). Adolescent substance abuse: A review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37(3):252–261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wills TA, McNamara G, Vaccaro D, Hirky AE (1996) Escalated substance use: A longitudinal grouping analysis from early to middle adolescence. J Abnorm Psychol 105(2):166–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wills TA, Resko JA, Ainette MG, Mendoza D (2004) Role of parent support and peer support in adolescent substance use: A test of mediated effects. Psychol Addict Behav 18(2):122–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wills TA, Sandy JM, Shinar O, Yaeger A (1999) Contributions of positive and negative affect to adolescent substance use: Test of a bidimensional model in a longitudinal study. Psychol Addict Behav 13(4):327–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wills TA, Sandy JM, Yaeger A, Cleary SD, Shinar O (2001) Coping dimensions, life stress, and adolescent substance use: A latent growth analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 110(2):309–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wortley NS (1996) Social networks, social support and substance abuse: Testing social ability and disability theories of deviance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Ontario

  • Wu NS, Lu Y, Sterling S, Weisner C (2004) Family environment factors and substance abuse severity in an HMO adolescent treatment population. Clin Pediatr 43(4):323–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zapert K, Snow DL, Tebes K (2002) Patterns of substance use in early through late adolescence. American J Community Psychol 30(6):835–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoccolillo M, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE (1999) Problem drug and alcohol use in a community sample of adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38(7):900–907

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Jon Rasbash for statistical guidance and Statistics Canada for access to the NLSCY data through the Research Data Centre at the University of Toronto. While the research and analyses are based on data from Statistics Canada, the opinions expressed do not represent the views of Statistics Canada. To access the microdata housed in the Research Data Centre, researchers must submit a project proposal to an adjudicating committee operating under the auspices of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) and Statistics Canada.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1V6,, Canada

    Paulo Pires

  2. Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1V6,, Canada

    Jennifer M. Jenkins

Authors
  1. Paulo Pires
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jennifer M. Jenkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paulo Pires.

Additional information

Research Interests: social and emotional development; family processes; adolescent problem behaviours; main area of work is about understanding risk and protective factors in typical and atypical adolescent development Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1V6, Canada

Research Interests: social and emotional development; family interaction; child psychopathology; main area of work is about understanding emotion processes in children and in family life that help us to understand psychopathology in childrenDepartment of Human Development and Applied Psychology, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1V6, Canada

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pires, P., Jenkins, J.M. A Growth Curve Analysis of the Joint Influences of Parenting Affect, Child Characteristics and Deviant Peers on Adolescent Illicit Drug Use. J Youth Adolescence 36, 169–183 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9127-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9127-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation