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Habitat, geophysical, and eco-social connectivity: benefits of resilient socio–ecological landscapes

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Abstract

Context

Connections among ecosystems and their components are critical to maintaining ecological functions and benefits in human-modified landscapes, including urban areas. However, the literature on connectivity and ecosystem services has been limited by inconsistent terminology and methods, and largely omits human access to nature and its benefits as a form of connectivity.

Objectives

In this paper, we build upon previous research and theory to define distinct categories of connectivity, considering both ecological and social dimensions, and identify ecosystem services that are supported by them.

Methods

We reviewed the literature to determine socio–ecological benefits that depend on the categories of connectivity.

Results

We identified four distinct but interrelated categories of connectivity: landscape, habitat, geophysical, and eco-social connectivity. Each connectivity category directly or indirectly supports many ecosystem services. There are overlaps, conflicts, and synergies among connectivity categories and their associated services and disservices.

Conclusions

Identifying the services that arise from these four categories of connectivity, and how they interact, can help build a common understanding of the value of connectivity to maximize its benefits, improve understanding of complex socio–ecological systems across disciplines, and develop more holistic, socially equitable decision-making processes, especially in urban landscapes.

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Data availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Code availability

Code sharing is not applicable to this article as no code was produced, modified, or evaluated during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

This paper benefited from discussions with Liliana Caughman, Lori Hennings, Jim Holley, Ted Labbe, Martin Lafrenz, Fiona Smeaton, Janelle St. Pierre (who also reviewed a draft), and numerous conversation participants at the 2020 Urban Ecology & Conservation Symposium in Portland, OR. Thanks to Lara Jansen for suggesting the term “geophysical connectivity”.

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  1. Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA

    Eric P. Butler, Leslie L. Bliss-Ketchum, Catherine E. de Rivera, Sahan T. M. Dissanayake, Carole L. Hardy, Dorothy A. Horn, Ben Huffine, Amanda M. Temple, Michael E. Vermeulen & Hailey Wallace

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CEdR originally conceived the project and EPB led the writing of the manuscript. All authors contributed critically to the development of the ideas, review of the literature, and the manuscript drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication.

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Butler, E.P., Bliss-Ketchum, L.L., de Rivera, C.E. et al. Habitat, geophysical, and eco-social connectivity: benefits of resilient socio–ecological landscapes. Landsc Ecol 37, 1–29 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01339-y

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