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Genotypes and allele frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism among Bahraini population with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related diseases

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Abstract

Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, of a 287-bp Alu repetitive sequence in intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been shown to be associated with different types of diseases and has been widely investigated in different populations with different ethnic origins. Various reports were published suggesting inter-ethnic variations in the frequency of allelic forms of the ACE gene. The goal of this study was to test the distribution of alleles and the different genotypes of ACE (I/D) polymorphism in Bahraini subjects and compare the results with those obtained from other population studies. The Bahraini population is an Arabic peninsula population with a high prevalence of T2DM and hypertension. A total of 560 unrelated Bahraini individuals were recruited in this study and the presence (insertion)/absence (deletion) (I/D) polymorphism of a 287-bp Alu1 element inside intron 16 of the ACE gene was done by PCR-based assays and the presence or absence of the genotypes were analyzed by the gel electrophoresis. The distribution of II, ID, and DD genotypes showed differences among Bahraini subjects, and the frequency of the D allele was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the studied group. The results obtained for the D allele are consistent with those obtained from previous studies among Arabs, Africans, and Caucasians, but differs significantly (P < 0.05) from those in Japanese and Chinese, thus proving the ethnic variation in the distribution of the ACE alleles in different populations.

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Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge Colonel Dr. Abdulla Darweesh, Chairman of Department of Pathology in BDF hospital & Major Khalid Matar, Chief of Medical Technologists for giving the opportunity to collect blood samples, for the current study, from the BDF hospital.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Genetics & Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain

    Einas M. Al-Harbi, Eman M. Farid & Khalid A. Gumaa

  2. School of Forensic and Investigative Science and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Lancashire, UK

    Jaipaul Singh

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  1. Einas M. Al-Harbi
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  2. Eman M. Farid
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  3. Khalid A. Gumaa
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Correspondence to Einas M. Al-Harbi.

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Al-Harbi, E.M., Farid, E.M., Gumaa, K.A. et al. Genotypes and allele frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism among Bahraini population with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 362, 219–223 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-011-1146-1

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