Abstract
There is some evidence that an immune response with an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines frequently accompanies major depression. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of interleukines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and immonuglobulines (IgG, IgA and IgM) levels and to examine the relationships between all above parameters and lipid parameters. The study group included 30 patients and 30 healthy volunteers. Although total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and IgM levels were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in patients and compared to those of the controls, no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed with other parameters. IFN-γ were positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.425; P = 0.019) and LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.391; P = 0.032) levels in patients. Other cytokines and immunoglobulins did not show any correlation with lipid parameters. It was concluded that although no differences was observed in cytokines and immunoglobulin levels in the present study, the dysregulation of the lipids and immune system including the cytokine network is associated with the etiology and pathophysiology of major depressive disorders.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almeida-Montes LG, Valles-Sanchez V, Moreno-Aguilar J et al (2000) Relation-of serum cholesterol, lipid, serotonin and tryptophan levels to severity of depression and to suicide attempts. J Psychiatry Neurosci 25:371–377
Angele MK, Faist E (2002) Clinical review: immunodepression in the surgical patient and increased susceptibility to infection. Crit Care 6:298–305
Bao AM, Meynen G, Swaab DF (2008) The stress system in depression and neurodegeneration: focus on the human hypothalamus. Brain Res Rev 57:2531–2553
Barragan-Rodríguez L, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F (2007) Depressive symptoms and hypomagnesemia in older diabetic subjects. Arch Med Res 38:752–756
Bousquet C, Zatelli CM, Melmed S (2000) Direct regulation of pituitary proopiomelanocortin by STAT3 provides a novel mechanism for immuno-neuroendocrine interfacing. J Clin Invest 106:1417–1425
Brambilla F, Monteleone P (2004) Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in children with major depressive disorder or dysthymia. J Affect Disord 78(3):273–277
Choi SH, Suh KY (1998) Interleukin-1 beta, -2, -6 production, serum concentration and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with major depression. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 37(3):537–547
Colin A, Reggers J, Castronovo V (2003) Lipids, depression and suicide. Encephale 29:49–58
Connor TJ, Leonard EB (1998) Depressin, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders. Life Sci 62(7):583–606
Das PP, Malhotra S, Chakrabarti S (2010) Elevated total cholesterol in severely depressed patients: role in cardiovascular risk. World J Biol Psychiatry 11(2):321–328
Ebesunun MO, Eruvulobi HU, Olagunju T (2012) Elevated plasma homocysteine in association with decreased vitamin B(12), folate, serotonin, lipids and lipoproteins in depressed patients. Afr J Psychiatry 15:25–29
Eby GA, Eby KL (2010) Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: a review and hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 74:649–660
Farooqui AA (2009) Lipid mediators in the neural cell nucleus: their metabolism, signaling, and association with neurological disorders. Neuroscientist 15:392–407
Feingold KR, Hardardóttir I, Grunfeld C (1998) Beneficial effects of cytokine induced hyperlipidemia. Z Ernährungswiss 1:66–74
Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser KJ (2005) Stress- induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol 5(3):243–251
Grippo AJ, Johnson AK (2002) Biological mechanisms in the relationship between depression and heart disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26(8):941–962
Himmerich H, Fulda S, Linseisen J et al (2008) Depression, comorbidities and the TNF-alpha system. Eur Psychiatry 23(6):421–429
Huang TL, Lee CT (2007) T-helper 1/T-helper 2 cytokine imbalance and clinical phenotypes of acute-phase major depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 61:415–420
Joynt KE, Whellan DJ, O'Connor CM (2003) Depression and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of interaction. Biol Psychiatry 54:248–261
Katayama I, Bae SJ, Hamasaki Y et al (2001) Stress response, tachykinin, and cutaneous inflammation. J Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 6:81–86
Katon WJ, Rutter C, Simon G et al (2005) The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:2668–2672
Khalid A, Lal N, Trivedi JK et al (1998) Serum lipids: new biological markers in depression ? Indian J Psychiatry 40:217–223
Kirpinar I, Caykoylu A, Coskun I et al (1998) Depresyonda plazma kolesterol ve trigliserid düzeyleri. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 9:23–27 (Turkish)
Kyrou I, Chrousos GP, Tsigos C (2006) Stress, visceral obesity, and metabolic complications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1083:77–110
Lehto SM, Ruusunen A, Niskanen L, Tolmunen T et al (2010a) Elevated depressive symptoms and compositional changes in LDL particles in middle-aged men. Eur J Epidemiol 25:403–409
Lehto SM, Niskanen L, Herzig KH et al (2010b) Serum chemokine levels in major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35(2):226–232
Lima L, Pousada J, Barbosa C (2005) Magnesium deficiency and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 49:959–963
Loftis JM, Huckans M, Morasco BJ (2010) Neuroimmune mechanisms of cytokine-induced depression: current theories and novel treatment strategies. Neurobiol Dis 37:519–533
Ludewig B, Freigang S, Jäggi M et al (2000) Linking immune-mediated arterial inflammation and cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in a transgenic mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97:12752–12757
Lyness JM, Moynihan JA, Williford DJ et al (2001) Depression, medical illness, and interleukin-1beta in older cardiac patients. Int J Psychiatry Med 31(3):305–310
Maes M (1999) Major depression and activation of the inflammatory response system. In: Dantzer R (ed) Cytokines, stress and depression. Plenum, New York, pp 25–46
Maes M (2008) The cytokine hypothesis of depression: inflammation, oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) and leaky gut as new targets for adjunctive treatments in depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29:287–291
Maes M, Bosmans E, Meltzer HY (1993) Interleukin-1s: a putative mediator of HPA axis hyperactivity in majör depression? Am J Psychiatry 150:1189–1193
Maes M, Smith R, Christophe A (1997) Lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in major depression and in depressed men with serious suicidal attempts: relationship with immune-inflammatory markers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 95:212–221
Maier SF, Watkins LR (1998) Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psychol Rev 105(1):83–107
McLaren JE, Ramji DP (2009) Interferon gamma: a master regulator of atherosclerosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 20:125–135
Michalec L, Choudhury BK, Postlethwait E (2002) CCL7 and CXCL10 orchestrate oxidative stress-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation. J Immunol 168:846–852
Mullington JM, Hinze-Selch D, Pollmavher T (2001) Mediators of inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 933:201–210
Musselman DL, Betan E, Larsen H (2003) Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 54(3):317–329
Nadler JL, Malayan S, Luong H (1992) Intracellular free magnesium deficiency plays a key role in increased platelet reactivity in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 15:835–841
Olusi SO, Fido AA (1996) Serum lipid concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 40:1128–1131
Oxenkrug GF, Branconnier RJ, Harto-Truax N et al (1983) Is serum cholesterol a biological marker for major depressive disorder? Am J Psychiatry 140:920–921
Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J et al (1999) Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide. Br J Psychiatry 175:259–262
Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, Garner B et al (2006) Stress, the hippocampus and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: implications for the development of psychotic disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 40(9):725–741
Podlipný J, Hess Z, Vrzalová J et al (2010) Lower serum levels of interleukin-6 in a population sample with symptoms of depression than in a population sample without symptoms of depression. Physiol Res 59(1):121–126
Rafter D (2001) Biochemical markers of anxiety and depression. Psychiatry Res 103:93–96
Ruljancic N, Mihanovic M, Cepelak I (2011) Thrombocyte serotonin and serum cholesterol concentration in suicidal and non-suicidal depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 3(5):1261–1267
Schiffer RB (1990) Depressive syndromes associated with diseases of the central nervous system. Semin Neurol 10:239–246
Schweiger U, Greggersen W, Rudolf S et al (2008) Disturbed glucose disposal in patients with major depression; application of the glucose clamp technique. Psychosom Med 70(2):170–176
Stokes KY, Gurwara S, Granger DN (2007) T-cell derived interferon-gamma contributes to arteriolar dysfunction during acute hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27:1998–2004
Tuglu C, Kara S (2003) Depression, cytokines and immune system. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol 13:142–150
Turnbull AV, Rivier CL (1999) Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines: actions and mechanisms of action. Physiol Rev 79(1):34–38
van Steenbergen-Weijenburg KM, van Puffelen AL et al (2011) More co-morbid depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes with multiple complications. An observational study at a specialized outpatient clinic. Diabet Med 28:86–89
Vila-del Sol V, Punzón C, Fresno M (2008) IFN-gamma-induced TNF-alpha expression is regulated by interferon regulatory factors 1 and 8 in mouse macrophages. J Immunol 181:4461–4470
Weizman R, Laor N, Podliszewski E (1994) Cytokine production in major depressed patients before and after clomipramine treatment. Biol Psychiatry 35:42–47
Winokur A, Maislin G, Phillips JL (1988) Insulin resistance after oral glucose tolerance testing in patients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry 145:325–330
Winters TM, Hendrix AN, Zidron A (2005) Blood glucose correlations with depression, body habitus and caregiving status in the elderly Kenyan Luo grandparents. J Am Osteopath Assoc 105(1):2–28
Yary T, Soleimannejad K, Abd Rahim F (2010) Contribution of diet and major depression to incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Lipids Health Dis 18:9–13
Acknowledgments
Karadeniz Technical University Research Fund has provided funding for this study (Project # 2007.114.003.10)
Conflict of Interest
All authors have no conflict of interest regarding this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hocaoglu, C., Kural, B., Aliyazıcıoglu, R. et al. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α and its relationship with lipid parameters in patients with major depression. Metab Brain Dis 27, 425–430 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-012-9323-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-012-9323-9